passwd(1)

╖┴╝░

passwd [-l | -d] [-f] [-x max] [-n min] [-w warn] login_name

passwd -s [-a]

passwd -s [login_name]

╡í╟╜└Γ╠└

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╧─╠╛∩íó┤╔═²╝╘ñ¼│ΣñΩ┼÷ñ╞íóÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤╠╛ login_name ñ╬╜Ω═¡╝╘ñ╦┬╨ñ╖ñ╞ѵí╝Ñ╢ÑóѽѪÑ≤Ñ╚ñ≥└╕└«ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íúñ│ñ∞░╩╣▀íóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╧ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ╩ñ╖ñ╟ passwd Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ñ≥╝┬╣╘ñ╣ñδñ½íóñ▐ñ┐ñ╧ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤╝Ω┬│ñ¡ñ╦ -p ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ≥╡»╞░ñ╖ñ╞íóÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íú

╕σ╝╘ñ╬╩²╦íñ≥║╬═╤ñ╣ñδñ╦ñ╧íóÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤Ñ╫ÑφÑ≤Ñ╫Ñ╚ñ╬─╛╕σ(login_name ñ≥╞■╬╧ñ╣ñδ┴░)ñ╦ -p ñ≥╞■╬╧ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíú

 
   login: -p login_name 

╝íñ╦ login Ñ╣Ñ¡í╝Ñ▐ñ¼ passwd Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ñ≥╕╞ñ╙╜╨ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

╛▄║┘ñ╧ login(1) ñ≥╗▓╛╚ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíú

Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔╣╜╩╕

ñ╔ñ╬ѵí╝Ñ╢ñΓ -s ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ≥╗╚═╤ñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íú

-s

ѵí╝Ñ╢╝½┐╚ñ╬ login_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔┬░└¡ñ≥╝¿ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

╞├╕óѵí╝Ñ╢ñ└ñ▒ñ¼▓╝╡¡ñ╬ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ≥╗╚═╤ñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íú

-l

login_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ¿Ñ≤Ñ╚ÑΩñ≥ÑφÑ├Ñ»ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

-d

ѵí╝Ñ╢ login_name ñ¼Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥═╫╡ßñ╖ñ╩ñññΦñªñ╦íólogin_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥║∩╜ⁿñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

-f

login_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥┤ⁿ┤╓└┌ñ∞ñ╦ñ╣ñδñ│ñ╚ñ╦ñΦñ├ñ╞íó╝íñ╬ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤╗■ñ╦ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╡ñ╗ñ▐ñ╣íú

-x max

ѵí╝Ñ╢ login_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼═¡╕·ñ╩╞ⁿ┐⌠ñ≥╗╪─Ωñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

-n min

ѵí╝Ñ╢ login_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼╩╤╣╣ñ╡ñ∞ñδ║╟╛«┤╓│╓╞ⁿ┐⌠ñ≥╗╪─Ωñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íúñ│ñ╬ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ╧╛∩ñ╦ -x ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ╚┴╚ñ▀╣τñ∩ñ╗ñ╞╗╚═╤ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíúñ┐ñ└ñ╖íómax ñ╦ -1 (Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ѬÑ╒) ñ¼└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ╞ñññδ╛∞╣τñ╧╜ⁿñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íúñ╜ñ╬╛∞╣τñ╧ min ñ≥└▀─Ωñ╣ñδ╔¼═╫ñ╧ñóñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

-w warn

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼┤ⁿ┤╓└┌ñ∞ñ╦ñ╩ñδ┴░ñ╦ѵí╝Ñ╢ login_name ñ¼╖┘╣≡ñ≥╝⌡ñ▒ñδ╞ⁿ┐⌠ñ≥(max ñ╚┴Ω┬╨┼¬ñ╦)╗╪─Ωñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

-s

login_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔┬░└¡ñ≥╝¿ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

-s -a

ñ╣ñ┘ñ╞ñ╬ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔┬░└¡ñ≥╝¿ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔╣╜└«

• │╞Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╦ñ╧ /etc/default/passwd ñ╟─Ω╡┴ñ╡ñ∞ñδñ╚ñ¬ñΩíó╛»ñ╩ñ»ñ╚ñΓ PASSLENGTH ╩╕╗·ñ≥┤▐ñ▐ñ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íúPASSLENGTH ñ╧ 3 ░╩╛σñ╟ñ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú║╟╜Θñ╬ 8 ╩╕╗·ñ└ñ▒ñ¼═¡╕·ñ╟ñ╣íú

• │╞Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╦ñ╧íó║╟─π 2 ñ─ñ╬▒╤╗·ñ¬ñΦñ╙║╟─π 1 ñ─ñ╬┐⌠╗·ñ▐ñ┐ñ╧╞├╝∞╩╕╗·ñ≥┤▐ñ▐ñ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú(ñ│ñ╬╛∞╣τíóí╓▒╤╗·í╫ñ╧ñ╣ñ┘ñ╞ñ╬┬τ╩╕╗·ñ╚╛«╩╕╗·ñ≥┤▐ñ▀ñ▐ñ╣íú)

• │╞Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╧íóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╬ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤ name ñ╚ñ╧░█ñ╩ñ├ñ╞ñññ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íúñ▐ñ┐íóñ╜ñ╬ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤ name ñ≥╚┐┼╛ñ╖ñ┐ñΩ╜█┤─Ñ╖Ñ╒Ñ╚ñ╖ñ┐ñΓñ╬ñ╟ñóñ├ñ╞ñΓñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú(┬╨▒■ñ╣ñδ┬τ╩╕╗·ñ╚╛«╩╕╗·ñ╧╞▒ñ╕ñΓñ╬ñ╚ñ╖ñ╞░╖ñ∩ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íú)

• ┐╖ñ╖ññÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╧íó╛»ñ»ñ╚ñΓ 3 ╩╕╗·ñ¼╕┼ññÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╚░█ñ╩ñ├ñ╞ñññ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

useradd (ñ▐ñ┐ñ╧ usermod) Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ñ╦ñΦñ├ñ╞íóÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╕ѺÑ═Ñ∞í╝Ñ┐Ñ╫ÑφÑ░ÑΘÑαñ¼Ñµí╝Ñ╢ñ╦╗╪─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ╞ñññδ╛∞╣τíópasswd ñ╧Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╕ѺÑ═Ñ∞í╝Ñ┐Ñ╫ÑφÑ░ÑΘÑαñ≥╕╞ñ╙╜╨ñ╖ñ╞ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼┴¬┬≥ñ╟ñ¡ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥└╕└«ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íúÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╕ѺÑ═Ñ∞í╝Ñ┐ñ≥╗╚═╤ñ╣ñδñ╚ñ¡ñ╧íó─╠╛∩╔¼═╫ñ╩Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔╣╜└«╡¼┬ºñ╧┼¼═╤ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

┴α║ε

╞├╕óѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╧ñ╔ñ╬Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╟ñΓ╩╤╣╣ñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íúpasswd Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ñ╧╞├╕óѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╖ñ╞ñ╧íó╕┼ññÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬╞■╬╧═╫╡ßñ╧╣╘ñññ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú╞├╕óѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╧Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ¬ñΦñ╙Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔╣╜└«╛≥╖∩ñ≥╦■┬¡ñ╣ñδñΦñª╢»└⌐ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íúñ│ñ╬ñΦñªñ╩ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╧íó┐╖ñ╖ññÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬╞■╬╧ñ≥┬Ññ╣Ñ╫ÑφÑ≤Ñ╫Ñ╚ñ╦▒■┼·ñ╖ñ╞ <Enter> ñ≥▓íñ╣ñ│ñ╚ñ╦ñΦñ├ñ╞íóÑ╠ÑδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥└╕└«ñ╣ñδñ│ñ╚ñ¼ñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íú(ñ│ñ∞ñ╧íóPassword: Ñ╫ÑφÑ≤Ñ╫Ñ╚ñ¼╔╜╝¿ñ╡ñ∞ñδñ┐ñßíópasswd -d ñ╚ñ╧░█ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╣íú)

Ñφí╝ѽÑδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╚ NIS Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔

• ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼ñ│ñ╬Ñ╟í╝Ñ┐Ñ┘í╝Ñ╣ñ╦Ñ¿Ñ≤Ñ╚ÑΩñ≥╗²ñ├ñ╞ñññδ╛∞╣τñ╧íóñ│ñ╬Ñφí╝ѽÑδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼╛∩ñ╦╣╣┐╖ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íú─╠╛∩íóñ│ñ╬Ñ╟í╝Ñ┐Ñ┘í╝Ñ╣ñ╧Ñ╓í╝Ñ╚╗■ñ╦ creatiadb(1M) ñ╦ñΦñ├ñ╞║ε└«ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íú+ ñ▐ñ┐ñ╧ - ñ╟╗╧ñ▐ñδѵí╝Ñ╢ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤ñ╧ creatiadb ñ╦╠╡╗δñ╡ñ∞ñδñ┐ñßíó┬╨▒■ñ╣ñδÑ¿Ñ≤Ñ╚ÑΩñ≥ I&A Ñ╟í╝Ñ┐Ñ┘í╝Ñ╣ñ╦╗²ñ╞ñ╩ññ┼└ñ╦├φ░╒ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíú

• ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼Ñφí╝ѽÑδ /etc/shadow Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδñ╦╗╪─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ┐Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╗²ñ├ñ╞ñññδ╛∞╣τñ╧íó╞▒ñ╕ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼ NIS passwd Ñ╟í╝Ñ┐Ñ┘í╝Ñ╣ñ╦Ñ¿Ñ≤Ñ╚ÑΩñ≥╗²ñ├ñ╞ñññδñññ╩ñññ╦┤╪ñ∩ñΘñ║íóñ│ñ╬Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼╛∩ñ╦╣╣┐╖ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íúѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╩ñ╖ñ╟ /etc/shadow Ñ¿Ñ≤Ñ╚ÑΩñ≥╗²ñ├ñ╞ñññδ╛∞╣τñ╦ñ╧íópasswd ñ╧ NIS passwd Ñ╟í╝Ñ┐Ñ┘í╝Ñ╣ñ╬ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╬Ñ¿Ñ≤Ñ╚ÑΩñ≥╣╣┐╖ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░

Ñ╖Ñ╣Ñ╞Ñαñ╬│╞ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔╛≡╩≤ñ╧ /etc/shadow ñ╚ñññª╠╛┴░ñ╬Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδñ╦│╩╟╝ñ╡ñ∞ñ╞ñ¬ñΩíóñ│ñ∞ñ≥╞╔ñ▀╣■ñßñδñ╬ñ╧╞├╕óѵí╝Ñ╢ñ└ñ▒ñ╟ñ╣íú

/etc/shadow ╞Γñ╬│╞ѵí╝Ñ╢╣╘ñ╦ñ╧íóÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ╦▒╞╢┴ñ≥═┐ñ¿ñδ 4 ñ─ñ╬Ñ╤ÑΘÑßí╝Ñ┐ñ¼╝²ñßñΘñ∞ñ╞ñññ▐ñ╣íú

lastchanged:

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼║╟╕σñ╦╩╤╣╣ñ╡ñ∞ñ┐╞ⁿ╔╒íú(ñ│ñ╬╞ⁿ╔╒ñ╧Ñ░ÑΩÑ╦Ñ├Ñ╕╔╕╜α╗■ñ≥╗╚═╤ñ╖ñ╞╖Φ─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñδñ┐ñßíó┬╛ñ╬╗■┤╓┬╙ñ╟ñ╧ 1 ╞ⁿ░█ñ╩ñδ╛∞╣τñ¼ñóñΩñ▐ñ╣ñ╬ñ╟├φ░╒ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíú)

minimum:

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╣ñδñ┐ñßñ╦íólastchanged ╞ⁿ╔╒░╩╣▀ñ╦╖╨▓ßñ╖ñ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΘñ╩ññ╞ⁿ┐⌠íú

maximum:

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬ lastchanged ╞ⁿ╔╒╕σñ╬═¡╕·╞ⁿ┐⌠(ñ╜ñ∞░╩╣▀ñ╧Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╖ñ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤)íúñ│ñ╬╞ⁿ┐⌠ñ╦ñ╧Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬└▀─Ω╞ⁿñ╧┤▐ñ▐ñ∞ñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

warn:

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼┤╓╢ßñ╦╟≈ñ├ñ┐Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬┤ⁿ┤╓└┌ñ∞ñ╦ñ─ñññ╞╖┘╣≡ñ≥╝⌡ñ▒ñδ╞ⁿ┐⌠íú╬πñ¿ñ╨íówarn ñ╬├═ñ¼ 7 ñ╬╛∞╣τíólogin_name ñ╬╜Ω═¡╝╘ñ╧Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼┤ⁿ┤╓└┌ñ∞ñ╦ñ╩ñδ░∞╜╡┤╓┴░ñ╦╖┘╣≡ñ≥╝⌡ñ▒╗╧ñßñ▐ñ╣íú

ñ│ñ∞ñΘñ╬Ñ╤ÑΘÑßí╝Ñ┐ñ╬ñªñ┴║╟╕σñ╬ 3 ñ─ñ╧íóñ╜ñ∞ñ╛ñ∞Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔╣╘ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ -níó-x ñ¬ñΦñ╙ -w ñ╦ñΦñ├ñ╞└▀─Ωñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╣íúÑ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ¼ñ╩ññ╛∞╣τíóñ╜ñ∞ñΘñ╬├═ñ╧ /etc/default/passwd Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδñ½ñΘ└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íúí╓╛╩╬¼├═í╫ñ╬╣αñ╟ñ│ñ∞ñΘñ╬Ñ╤ÑΘÑßí╝Ñ┐ñ≥└Γ╠└ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

minimum ñ¼ maximum ñΦñΩ┬τñ¡ññ╛∞╣τíóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╧Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╟ñ¡ñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íúmaximum ñ╦ -1 ñ¼└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñδñ╚íólogin_name ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ╧┬¿║┬ñ╦Ñ┐í╝Ñ≤ѬÑ╒ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íúmaximum ñ╦ 0 ñ¼└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ┐╛∞╣τíóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╧ lastchanged ╞ⁿ╔╒ñ╬╝íñ╬ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤Ñ╗Ñ├Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤╗■ñ╦Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╣ñδñΦñª╢»└⌐ñ╡ñ∞íóÑ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ╧ñ╜ñ╬╗■┼└ñ╟ѬÑ╒ñ╦ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╣íú

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ¼Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔╣╘ passwd -x 0 login_name ñ╦ñΦñ├ñ╞─╛└▄Ñ┐í╝Ñ≤ѬÑ╒ñ╡ñ∞ñδñ│ñ╚ñ╧ñóñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íúÑ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ñ¼``maximum''Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ╦ 0 ñ≥└▀─Ωñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú``lastchanged''Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ¼ 0 ñ╟ñ╩ññ╛∞╣τíóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╬Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╣ñδñ┐ñßñ╦╝íñ╦ passwd Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ñ≥╗╚═╤ñ╖ñ┐ñ╚ñ¡ñ╦Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ¼Ñ»ÑΩÑóñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íúñ┐ñ└ñ╖íó``lastchanged''Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ╦ 0 ñ¼└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ╞ñññδ╛∞╣τíóÑ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ╧╩╤╣╣ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ≥░╒ñ╦╚┐ñ╖ñ╞Ñ»ÑΩÑóñ╟ñ¡ñ╩ñ½ñ├ñ┐╛∞╣τñ╧íó``lastchanged''Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ╦ 0 ñ¼└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ╞ñññδñ│ñ╚ñ╦╡ñ╔╒ñ½ñ╩ñ½ñ├ñ┐ñ┐ñßñ╚╣═ñ¿ñΘñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íúñ╜ñ╬═²═│ñ╧▓╝╡¡ñ╬ñ╚ñ¬ñΩ 2 ñ─ñóñΩñ▐ñ╣íú

• ѵí╝Ñ╢(┤╔═²╝╘)ñ¼Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ passwd -f login_name ñ≥╝┬╣╘ñ╖ñ╞íóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╬Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥┤ⁿ┤╓└┌ñ∞ñ╦ñ╖ñ╞ñ╖ñ▐ñ├ñ┐ñ┐ñßíúñ│ñ╬╛∞╣τíólastchanged ñ╬├═ñ╦ 0 ñ¼└▀─Ωñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íú

• ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ passwd -x 0 login_name ñ≥╚»╣╘ñ╖ñ┐ñ╚ñ¡íó``maximum''Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ¼Ñ»ÑΩí╝Ñ≤ñ╟ñóñ├ñ┐ñ┐ñßíúñ│ñ╬╛∞╣τíópasswd Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔╝½┬╬ñ¼ lastchanged ñ╬├═ñ≥ 0 ñ╦└▀─Ωñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔┬░└¡ñ╬╔╜╝¿

 
   login_name status lastchanged minimum maximum warn 

ñóñδñññ╧íóÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░╛≡╩≤ñ¼╔╜╝¿ñ╡ñ∞ñ╩ññ╛∞╣τñ╧▓╝╡¡ñ╬ñΦñªñ╦ñ╩ñΩñ▐ñ╣íú

 
   login_name status 

Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ╦ñ─ñññ╞─Ω╡┴ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

login_name

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╬ÑφÑ░ÑñÑ≤ IDíú

status

login_name ñ╬Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╣Ñ╞í╝Ñ┐Ñ╣íúPS ñ╧í╓Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔╔╒ñ¡í╫íóLK ñ╧ÑφÑ├Ñ»ñ╡ñ∞ñ┐ñ│ñ╚íóñ¬ñΦñ╙ NP ñ╧í╓Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╩ñ╖í╫ñ≥╔╜ñ╖ñ▐ñ╣íú

║╟╕σñ╬ 4 ñ─ñ╬Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ñ╧í╓Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░í╫ñ╟─Ω╡┴ñ╖ñ╞ñññδñ╚ñ¬ñΩñ╟ñ╣íú

╛╩╬¼├═

MINWEEKS

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╣ñδ┴░ñ╦╖╨▓ßñ╖ñ╩ñ▒ñ∞ñ╨ñ╩ñΘñ╩ññ║╟╛«╜╡┐⌠íú╜╨▓┘╗■ñ╬Ñ╖Ñ╣Ñ╞Ñαñ╟ñ╧ñ│ñ╬├═ñ╧ 0 ñ╟ñ╣íú

MAXWEEKS

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ≥╩╤╣╣ñ╖ñ╩ñññ╟ñ¬ñ▒ñδ║╟┬τ╜╡┐⌠íú╜╨▓┘╗■ñ╬Ñ╖Ñ╣Ñ╞Ñαñ╟ñ╧ñ│ñ╬├═ñ╧ 24 ñ╟ñ╣íú

WARNWEEKS

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼┤ⁿ┤╓└┌ñ∞ñ╦ñ╩ñδ┴░ñ╦ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ¼╖┘╣≡ñ≥╝⌡ñ▒ñδ╜╡┐⌠íú╜╨▓┘╗■ñ╬Ñ╖Ñ╣Ñ╞Ñαñ╟ñ╧ñ│ñ╬├═ñ╧ 1 ñ╟ñ╣íú

PASSLENGTH

Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔╞Γñ╬║╟╛«╩╕╗·┐⌠íú╜╨▓┘╗■ñ╬Ñ╖Ñ╣Ñ╞Ñαñ╟ñ╧ñ│ñ╬├═ñ╧ 6 ñ╟ñ╣íú

passwd Ñ│Ñ▐Ñ≤Ñ╔ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ╬░·ñ¡┐⌠ miníómaxíówarn ñ¬ñΦñ╙┬╨▒■ñ╣ñδ /etc/shadow Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔``minimum''íó``maximum''ñ¬ñΦñ╙``warn''ñ╧Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ≥╞ⁿ┐⌠ñ╟░╖ñªñ│ñ╚ñ╦├φ░╒ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíú┬╨▒■ñ╣ñδ /etc/default/passwd Ñ╒Ñúí╝ÑδÑ╔ MINWEEKSíóMAXWEEKS ñ¬ñΦñ╙ WARNWEEKS ñ╧╜╡┐⌠ñ╟░╖ñ∩ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íú

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦┬╨ñ╣ñδÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ¼Ñ¬Ñ╒ñ╦ñ╩ñ├ñ╞ñññ╞íóñ╖ñ½ñΓ╛╩╬¼╗■ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░├═ñ¼ /etc/default/passwd ╞Γñ╦┬╕║▀ñ╣ñδñ╚ñ¡íóѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╬Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ¼╩╤╣╣ñ╡ñ∞ñδñ╚Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔ñ╬Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ╧Ñ┐í╝Ñ≤ѬÑ≤ñ╡ñ∞ñ▐ñ╣íú

┐╟├╟

• ╡÷▓─ñ¼╡±╚▌ñ╡ñ∞ñ┐ñ┐ñß

• ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ╬┴╚ñ▀╣τñ∩ñ╗ñ¼╠╡╕·ñ╩ñ┐ñß

• ═╜┤ⁿñ╖ñ╩ññ░█╛∩╜¬╬╗ñ╬ñ┐ñßíúÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδñ¼╩╤╣╣ñ╡ñ∞ñ╞ñññ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

• ═╜┤ⁿñ╖ñ╩ññ░█╛∩╜¬╬╗ñ╬ñ┐ñßíúÑ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδñ¼ñóñΩñ▐ñ╗ñ≤íú

• Ñ╤Ñ╣Ñ∩í╝Ñ╔Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδñ¼Ñ╙Ñ╕í╝ñ╟ñóñδñ┐ñßíú╕σñ╟║╞ñ╙╗ε╣╘ñ╖ñ╞ñ»ñ└ñ╡ññíú

• ѬÑ╫Ñ╖ÑτÑ≤ñ╬░·ñ¡┐⌠ñ¼╠╡╕·ñ╩ñ┐ñßíú

• ═╜┤ⁿñ╖ñ╩ññ░█╛∩╜¬╬╗ñ╬ñ┐ñßíú

• ID ñ¼╠ñ├╬ñ╩ñ┐ñßíú

• Ñ¿í╝Ñ╕Ñ≤Ñ░ñ¼Ñ╟ÑúÑ╗í╝Ñ╓Ñδñ╦ñ╡ñ∞ñ┐ñ┐ñßíú

Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδ

/etc/shadow

/etc/passwd

/etc/oshadow

/etc/opasswd

/etc/default/passwd

/usr/lib/locale/locale/LC_MESSAGES/uxcore.abi

╕└╕∞╕╟═¡ÑßÑ├Ñ╗í╝Ñ╕Ñ╒ÑíÑñÑδ(environ(5) ñ╬ LANG ╗▓╛╚)

/etc/security/ia/index

/etc/security/ia/master ñ╪ñ╬ÑñÑ≤Ñ╟Ñ├Ñ»Ñ╣

/etc/security/ia/master

ѵí╝Ñ╢ñ╦ñ─ñññ╞ñ╬ñ╣ñ┘ñ╞ñ╬ I&A ╛≡╩≤ñ¼╝²ñßñΘñ∞ñ╞ñññ▐ñ╣

├φ░╒

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