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Here are some gotchas in this context:

• The structure should be declared with __attribute__((packed)), to prevent GCC from inserting gaps between some members to make them properly aligned for faster access (see how gcc aligns structs). C programs can declare the entire struct with the packed attribute, but C++ programs will need to declare each member with it, see __attribute__((packed)).

• If the real-mode struct has members which are pointers, you need to replace each pointer with a pair of an offset and a segment (in that order, due to Intel's little-endian byte order). This is because real-mode far pointers cannot be used as protected-mode pointers: you cannot dereference them to get access to the object they point to. Declaring them as a segment:offset pair will force you into correct usage, see below.

• To use pointers which are members of the structure, you will have to employ some of the methods described in section about using the transfer buffer. For example, to copy data whose real-mode address is returned in a struct, use dosmemget or one of the _farpeekX family of functions in conjunction with the _dos_ds selector, and don't forget to compute the linear address as segment * 16 + offset.

• If the pointer is to a function, you will need to use the library function __dpmi_simulate_real_mode_procedure_retf to call it (don't forget to zero out the .x.ss and .x.sp members of the __dpmi_regs structure!).

• Many real-mode compilers use 16-bit ints, whereas in DJGPP, an int is 32-bit wide. You need to change the declaration of all struct members from int to short, and from unsigned to unsigned short.

      struct ncb {
        unsigned ncb_command;
        int ncb_status;
        char far *ncb_buffer;  /* a far pointer to a buffer */
        char ncb_name[32];
        int far (*ncb_dispatch)();  /* a pointer to a far function */
      };

      struct ncb {
        unsigned short ncb_command __attribute__((packed));
        short ncb_status __attribute__((packed));
        unsigned short ncb_buf_offset __attribute__((packed));
        unsigned short ncb_buf_segment __attribute__((packed));
        char ncb_name[32] __attribute__((packed));
        unsigned short ncb_dispatch_offset __attribute__((packed));
        unsigned short ncb_dispatch_segment __attribute__((packed));
      };

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