Copyright: Russian Philologist Help, ® 1994 by Agama
Citation: This is part of Russian Philologist Help, Copyright ® 1994 by Agama


Index
Russian Philologist Help Contents

Introduction

Main Menu

Toolbar

Control Window

Dictionaries

Using Keyboard

Change Language

About this Help

Special appearance

Tiny tutorial

TIPs


About this Help
Some Notes about This Help

Generally, this Help is rather similar to any other Windows Help. But there exist some slight differences.

First of all, take into account that some cross-references should not be taken literally. This means that when you go to the reference named Control Window Table you may not get topic with the same name. But read it! You definitely find some reference-related information.

We also considered that some pictures in help text would be appreciated and some extra memory requirement is not big deal.


TIPs

General

How to switch between windows using keyboard?

Control Window

How to mark/unmark in the Control Window table?

What's difference between Tile and Maximize commands?

Why Tile, Cascade or Maximize commands do nothing?


Switching between windows
How to switch between windows using keyboard?

Switching between RPh Windows: use CUA standard Ctrl+F6 keys combination or Main Menu Window popup containing list of all windows.

Switching between Main and Control Windows - use CUA standard Alt+F6 keys combination (this command is also available via Control Window system menu).


How to mark in Control Window table?
How to mark/unmark in the Control Window table?

Mark random set of cells - click desired cells with left mouse button.

Unmark random set of cells - click desired marked cells with left mouse button.

Mark entire row (column) - click row leftmost cell (column topmost cell). If row (column) was partially marked or not marked it becomes all marked.

Unmark row (column) - click row leftmost cell (column topmost cell). Row (column) will be unmarked only if it was previously all marked.

Mark all - click leftmost cell in the first row. If table was partially marked or not marked it becomes all marked.

Unmark all - click leftmost cell in the first row. Table will be unmarked only if it was previously all marked.

Unmark partial selection. If you need to unmark row (column, all table) when there are some selected cells you need not unmark every cell. You may firstly mark entire row (column, table) and then unmark it as a whole.

See also How to use Control Window? section.


Difference between Tile and Maximize commands
What's difference between Tile and Maximize commands (Control Window)?

There are two differences:

(i) Maximize command minimizes (iconizes) all not selected windows;

(ii) Maximize command never affects Control Window position and size.

See also Control Window Functions.


Tile and Cascade commands restrictions
Why Tile, Cascade or Maximize commands do nothing (Control Window)?

These commands may do nothing if Main Window Client Area is too small to arrange all selected windows inside it. Unselect some windows or resize Main Window.


Tiny Tutorial

This is very short tutorial which gives you example plan of interfacing with Russian Philologist.

I. Add new word. Use View/Word item from Main Menu or Toolbar to get Word Lookup Dialog. Input desired word, select windows to show and press OK button. If you spell a word correctly all selected windows will be cascaded over Main Window client area. If not you will be given Spell Checker dialog and Homonyms analysis will take place.

II. Add another word. Double click left mouse button on any word from any RPh Windows you see. This brings you Word Lookup Dialog with the word already placed into input field. Select desired windows for the word and press OK button.

III. Invoke Control Window. If there are many opened windows it's high time to open Control Window. To do this press F4 function key or use Toolbar.

IV. Use Control Window Functions. Mark some windows in Control Window Table by clicking corresponding cells with left mouse button. Push the fifth Control Window button to tile selected windows and iconize the rest (corresponding signs appear in Control Window table).


Introduction

Let us to introduce Russian Philologist (RPh)- unique program for all who are interested in Russian language.

Using this program you may get different information about many Russian words. Information on every word includes up to five articles which are displayed in separate RPh Windows. You may work simultaneously with several words dealing with many windows. RPh interface gives you tools for smart and easy operation on multiple windows.

The basic elements of RPh application is presented at the picture. You may click any picture region to get more information on the desired element.

1 - Main Window

2 - Main Menu

3 - Toolbar

4 - Main Window Client Area

5 - RPh Window

6 - Iconized RPh windows

7 - Marking cursor

8 - Control Window

See also Adding New Word.


Main Window Status Line

At the bottom of Main Window you may see Status Line which gives you instant brief help information on the control currently selected (this is true for menu items and toolbar buttons).


Main Window Caption
Main Window Caption Bar

At the top of Main Window some standard window controls are arranged:

Caption Bar - contains program title and may be used for moving window (drag caption with mouse);

System Menu (at left) - besides system pull-down gives you way to terminate program (via double-click);

System Buttons (at right) - use these buttons to minimize, maximize and restore window size.


Main Window Client Area

There are two reasons for Main Window Client Area to exist:

firstly, it's field where all RPh Windows are placed and moved around;

secondly, it's screen region where you may click right mouse button (even if it is covered with some RPh Window) to accomplish one of the following:

1) to invoke Control Window;

2) to get this help;

3) to invoke Word Lookup Dialog.

The action associated with right mouse button may be selected using Environment dialog.


Marking Cursor

When you move mouse cursor to one of the RPh Windows it changes its shape to "Marker". This means that you may click left mouse button to mark any word in the current window and double click - to run Word Lookup Dialog to get information on the selected word. This is why Russian Philologist may be considered as some kind of hypertext system.


Main Menu Commands

File

New

Open...

Save

Print

Exit

Edit

Cut

Copy

Paste

Delete

View

Word...

Previous word

Next word

Dictionary

Control Window

Options

Environment...

Fonts...

Show Empty Dictionaries

Language

Save

Window

Cascade

Tile

Arrange Icons

Close all

[Windows List]

Help

Contents

Introduction

Using Help

About...


File/New (menu command)
File/New (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

This command gives you a possibility to open Editor Window and place desired text file in it. Using editor window you may investigate words from ready Russian texts (just double-click desired word with left mouse button).

When you close editor window with new text Save File As dialog appears allowing you to specify file name to save you work in.


File/Save (menu command)
File/Save (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

This command save text in current Editor window into disk file. If text was previously loaded from disk or saved to disk command proceeds immediately. Otherwise, Save file As dialog appears. Using the dialog you may specify filename to save text under. The dialoghas the next controls:

File name	input window; you may specify full pathname or filename here;

Path	text field, which indicates current DOS path;

Files	selection list presents files in the current directory;

Directories	selection list presents directories and drives list;

OK	click this button to save text into file with name you specified;

Cancel	click this button to leave dialog without action.


File/Open (menu command)
File/Open... (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

This command gives you a possibility to open Editor Window and place desired text file in it. Using editor window you may investigate words from ready Russian texts (just double-click desired word with left mouse button).

The Command inokes Open File dialog with the next controls:

File name	input window; you may specify full pathname or filename mask with wildcards here;

Path	text field, which indicates current DOS path;

Files	selection list presents files in the current directory;

Directories	selection list presents directories and drives list;

OK	click this button to open selected file;

Cancel	click this button to leave dialog without action.


FIle/Print (menu command)
File/Print (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

Use this command to make a hard copy of the current dictionary article on your printer.

Theку is no menu command for printer setup in Russian Philologist: use Control Panel if you need change printer setup.


File/Exit (menu command)
File/Exit (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	Alt+F4

There are a number of ways to terminate every Windows application. One of them is to use this standard menu item.


Edit/Cut (menu command)
Edit/Cut (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

Shift+Del

This Command gives you way to cut marked text from Editor Window to Clipboard.

You may use this command only in Editor Window.


Edit/Copy (menu command)
Edit/Copy (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	Ctrl+Ins

This Command gives you way to copy any dictionary article contents to Clipboard. The command brings you dialog with edit window containing current article text. Initially all text are selected and you may reselect any part of the text. Using Copy button you copy selected text to Clipboard.

You may also use this command to copy marked text block from Editor Window to Clipboard.


Edit/Paste (menu command)
Edit/Paste (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	Shift+Ins

This Command inserts text block from clipboard into current editor window. This command is only available when current window is Editor Window.


Edit/Delete (menu command)
Edit/Delete (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	Ctrl+Del or Del

This Command deletes marked text from Editor Window. You may undo this command by Alt+BackSpace keyboard command.


View/Word (menu command)
View/Word (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

F3

This Main Menu command brings you Word Lookup Dialog to input a new Russian word and select Dictionaries to be displayed.

For more information see Adding New Word.


Browse dictionary back
View/Previous word (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

F7

Using this command you may skip to the previous dictionary entry in the same window (all other windows of the original word remain unchanged).


Browse dictionary forward
View/Next word (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

F8

Using this command you may skip to the next dictionary entry in the same window (all other windows of the original word remain unchanged).


Browse a dictionary
View/Dictionary (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

Alt+B

This command opens dialog for browsing current dictionary (except Morphological one):

 .

You may look though the whole list of words from the dictionary and select desired word for inspection. To choose a word to get information on simply point it and click "Go to" button. You may find desired word quickly by typing first letters of the word (to start new search press arrow key first).

You get new word information in the current window (previous word is replaced), the contents of other windows will not change.


Switch the Control Window
View/Control Window (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

F4

This command brings you Control Window which gives you the maximal flexibility and convenience in managing multiple dictionary windows.


Pronounce current word
Pronounce current word (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

If you have CD-ROM version of the program and sound card you may listen to the perfect pronunciation of the current word using this command.


Options/Environment... (menu command)
Options/Environment... (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

This Main Menu command invokes the dialog for changing some RPh environment parameters:

1) Control Window Options;

2) Autosave feature: whether will RPh save Desktop and Configuration before exiting to MS Windows or not;

3) Right mouse button action: you may select what should occur when you click right mouse button over client area of one of the RPh Windows.

4) Empty window picture: this option defines image which will be shown in empty dictionary article (if empty windows are enabled in Options/Show empty dictionaries command). "Standard" corresponds to the next picture:

If it's not good enough for you - try "Smart".


Options/Fonts... (menu command)
Options/Fonts... (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

This Main Menu command brings you the dialog for selecting characters styles for displaying different elements of the dictionaries articles:

You may select a font typeface, a size and a color for each text element of dictionaries article.

To get more information on what every dictionary article may include see Dictionaries.

To save your setup use Options/Save Main Menu function or set Save Configuration parameter in Environment dialog.


Options/Display Empty (menu command)
Options/Show empty dictionaries (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	NONE

This Main Menu option determines whether RPh Windows which occasionally has no information should be created and displayed as empty window or should not be created at all. If you prefer to see empty window you may choose the picture to be shown in it in Environment.

This option doesn't affect the number of already opened windows.


Language
Options/Language (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	NONE

This command allows you to select the convenient interface language: English or Russian.

Your choice will be saved automatically if the Configuration is checked in Environment Dialog or you may do it explicitly using Options/Save Main Menu command.

To change interface language full restart of Russian Philologist are automatically performed.


Options/Save (menu command)
Options/Save (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	NONE

This command saves all parameters specified in the Environment dialog, in the Fonts dialog, the choice of Language, the Control Window size and position and the main application window size and position.


Window/Cascade (menu command)
Window/Cascade (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

Shift+F5

This command cascades all RPh Windows and Editor Windows but never affects Control Window.


Window/Tile (menu command)
Window/Tile (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

Shift+F4

This command tiles all RPh Windows and Editor Windows but never affects Control Window.


Window/Arrange Icons (menu command)
Window/Arrange Icons (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	NONE

This command moves icons to the bottom of Main Window Client Area and arranges them into straight rows.


Window/Close all (menu command)
Window/Close all (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE

This command closes all RPh Windows and Editor Windows.


Window/[Windows list] (menu command)
Window/[Opened windows list] (Main Menu)

If there are some opened RPh Windows and/or Edit Windows their names are inserted in Main Menu Windows popup. You may choose any window from this list to switch to it.


Help/Index (menu command)
Help/Contents (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

F1

This command brings you Main Help Contents which is also accessible from anywhere of the Help system by pushing Contents button.


Help/Using Help (menu command)
Help/Using Help (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	NONE

This command shows you standard Microsoft Help on Help. It is also available from anywhere of the Help system via Help/How to use Help menu item.


Help/About (menu command)
Help/About (Main Menu)

Toolbar	Keyboard

NONE	NONE

This command brings you brief information about version of RPh and copyright owner.


Control Window
Control Window Index

How to invoke Control Window?

What's Control Window designed for?

Control Window appearance

How to use Control Window?

Control Window Buttons

Control Window Options

Using keyboard


How to invoke Control Window?

Control Window may be displayed either through View/Control Window Main Menu command or by clicking right mouse button while cursor is inside the client area of Main Window (you should set this association in the Environment dialog).

This action may be accomplished also via Toolbar.

This methods are also applicable for restoring iconized Control Window.


What's Control Window designed for?

Control window gives you flexibility and convenience in controlling of multiple RPh Windows on-screen appearance.

Using Control Window commands you can easily tile, cascade, iconize, close, etc. any number of currently existing RPh Windows. To accomplish this you should highlight desired windows in the table and push one of the active Control Window buttons.


Control Window Appearance

Control Window is ordinary resizable window which always lies on the top of the RPh application.

Control Window contains a number of buttons at the top, the rest space is occupied by the table of RPh Windows.

There are six Control Window buttons. Buttons are denoted with bitmaps representing corresponding actions. If you find this bitmaps vague remove RPBITBTN.DLL file from the hard disk - the bitmaps will be substituted with text (button size may increase in this case).

Some of the buttons maybe active and the rest disabled (grayed). That depends on the selection made by the user in the window table.

Window table consists of six columns and indefinite number of rows. First column is resizable and contains words you are working at. The rest five columns correspond to the five types of windows with different word-related information.

At the bottom of the Control Window Status Bar may appear. This is controlled through Options/Environment...Environment Main Menu command.


How to use Control Window
How to use Control Window?

The main principle is to mark and to push. This means that any action on the RPh Windows is performed in two steps.

Firstly you should mark desired windows in the table. This may be accomplished using mouse or keyboard. Mouse is more convenient: it's enough to drag mouse cursor through corresponding table cells or click with mouse all cells you want. Note that each cell in the first table row (with windows names) corresponds to the whole column, and each cell in the first column (with words) corresponds to the whole row. But what about the first cell in the first row? Try it!

Then you should push one of the active Control Window buttons (this also may be done using keyboard or mouse). Action is immediately performed.


Changing Width of the Control Window First Column
First Column width change

To change width of the column move mouse cursor to its right border and drag it to the new position. This may be done also using keyboard.


Control Window Functions
Control Window Buttons (Functions) List

There are six Control Window Functions which are associated with the next buttons:

Close window(s)

Tile window(s)

Cascade window(s)

Minimize window(s)

Maximize window(s)

Switch to window


Control Window Options

There are two Control Window options which may be changed using Options/Environment... Main Menu command.

MDI window - this option when enabled forces Control Window to be affected by its own Tile and Cascade commands along with ordinary RPh Windows. When this option is disabled - no Control Window commands affects Control Window. Default - enabled.

Status Bar - when this option is enabled status bar is shown at the bottom of Control Window. Status bar contains information about total number of words and corresponding windows currently available. Default - enabled.


Using keyboard with Control Window
Control Window Keyboard Commands

All Control Window functions are accessible through keyboard.

To select desirable windows you should use arrow keys for navigation in the table and Enter key to mark/unmark cells. Current cell is outlined with thin dashed rectangle. Originally there is no current cell and you should press up or down arrow key once do display selection rectangle (you may hide selection rectangle again if you move it upper than the first table row or lower than the last one).

Alternative way to mark cells is to move selection rectangle using arrow keys while holding down Shift key. This action is similar to mouse dragging (see How to use Control Window section).

To perform an action select corresponding button using Tab/Shift-Tab keys and press Space key to push the button.

To change width of the first column use item First Column from the system menu of the Control Window. Then using left/right arrow keys move right column border into the new position and press Enter.


RPh
RPh is a abbreviation for Russian Philologist - this great program.


RPh Windows

RPh Windows are all application windows representing a different information about words you are currently investigating. There are five types of RPh Windows:

Icon	Window

 Morphology window

 Words Explanation window

 Synonyms and antonyms window

 Words Formation window

 Words Government window

Every word you add to the application workspace may has five or less RPh Windows as you specify in Word Lookup Dialog.

Through each RPh window you may observe an article from the definite dictionary. For the information on layout of articles and special signs they contain see Dictionaries.

There may be up to four other windows in RPh application: Main Window, Control Window, Help Window (this current window) and Editor windows.


Editor Window(s)

Editor Window is opened via File/Open Main Menu command. Editor gives you ordinal Notepad-like editor capabilities. It's possible also to paste a contents of the clipboard to the editor windows. For example, you may copy any dictionary article (or its part) to clipboard using Edit/Copy command and then paste in into editor window for future use.

If a text file is larger than 32Kb editing facility is disabled but you still can browse text and select and copy blocks to clipboard.

It's important that you always may double click any word in the Editor Window with left mouse button to get complete information on the word.

You may open as many Editor Windows as you like. Editor Windows aren't controlled via Control Window but are included in the Windows List in Main Menu Window popup.


Control Window/Close window(s)

This command closes selected windows. If all windows for the definite word are closed the word is removed from the table.

Never affects Control Window.

This command is available when there is one or more selected windows in the table.


Control Window/Tile window(s)

This command tiles selected windows, the rest windows are unchanged.

Control Window itself may be included in the tile list if corresponding Control Window option is on.

This command is available when there is one or more selected windows in the table.


Control Window/Cascade window(s)

This command cascades selected windows, the rest windows are unchanged. If main window is too small to cascade all selected windows visible - no cascading takes place.

Control Window itself may be included in the cascade list if corresponding Control Window option is on.

This command is available when there is one or more selected windows in the table.


Control Window/Minimize window(s)

This command iconizes all selected windows, the rest windows are unchanged.

Never affects Control Window.

This command is available when there is one or more selected windows in the table.


Control Window/Maximize window(s)

This command tiles selected windows, but the rest windows are minimized.

Never affects Control Window.

This command is available when there is one or more selected windows in the table.


Control Window/Switch to window

This command shows selected window on the top of application without changing its size and position. Iconized window is restored.

Never affects Control Window.

This command is available when there is the only selected window in the table.


Word Lookup Dialog

Using Word Lookup Dialog you may input a new word for an investigation and choose a set of dictionaries to be displayed for the word. Only windows for selected dictionaries will be created.

Keyboard button brings you special dialog with Russian keyboard image and allows to input Russian word using mouse. This is important if you have no Russian keyboard driver. Using Russian keyboard picture you may click desired keys images and input any Russian text. To complete entering you may press OK button or Enter key on the picture.

See also Adding New Word.


Main Window

Main Window has two essential elements: Main Menu and Client Area. There is nothing else about Main Window in spite of its name.


Be attentive!

This is not real window - just its picture! Don't try to use it - just enjoy it!


Dictionaries

There are five dictionaries RPh is based on:

Words Explanation dictionary

Synonyms and antonyms dictionary

Words Formation dictionary

Words Government dictionary

Morphology dictionary

Unfortunately not all these dictionaries are comprehensive enough. This is due to absence of more complete versions of the dictionaries both in computer-reading and printed form. In other words, just now better Russian dictionaries don't exist at all.

Dictionary	Number of articles	Entries from RPh

Words Explanation	40 000	75 000

Synonyms/antonyms	7 000	35 000

Words Formation	6 000	145 000

Words Government	2 500	2 500

Morphology	100 000	1 500 000

Each article may contain several key-words which are used by RPh as entries into the article. This is why the number of entries may considerably exceed the number of article.

See topics on each dictionary for information on its articles layout, special symbols and formatting meaning.


Explanatory Dictionary

The dictionary is based on the printed book:

S.I.Ozhegov, Explanatory Russian Language Dictionary, ed. by corresponding member of Academy of Science of USSR N.Yu.Shvedova, Moscow, "Russki yazik", 1988.

Electronic version by Russian Language Fund (Institute of Russian Language, Russian Academy of Science).

Abbreviations

Notes


Notes on Explanatory Dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary - Structure of Dictionary Entries

In entry heading, the head word is immediately followed by the grammatical information in abbreviated form (see Abbreviations) , whose content depends upon the part of speech (see below).

Examples of usage of explained words are given in italics. The word itself may be represented by its first letter.

Word stress is marked by an apostrophe sign ('), which is placed immediately after the stressed vowel.

Word forms are usually given in abbreviated form beginning with the letter, after which the word spelling or stress point changes in this form, e.g. "ребенок, -нка (Gen. case)"; "красный, -сен (short form)"; "завидовать, -дую -дуешь (1-st and 2-nd person)". If one of the first two letters of the word are affected by the word change, the forms are not abbreviated, e.g. "сон, сна".

The Nouns.

Nouns are given in nominative singular form followed by the genitive singular ending and the gender marker: м. - masculine, ж. - feminine, ср. - neutral. The presence of two gender markers, e.g. "У'МНИЦА, -ы, м. и ж", indicates that the word may be of both the masculine and the feminine gender (a so-called common gender word) depending upon its use as applied to a male or a female, and correspondingly, upon the gender form of the agreeing adjective: большой умница, большая умница. Indeclinable nouns are given with the "нескл." mark, e.g. МЕТРО', нескл. ср.

When only genitive singular is indicated all other cases of the word are formed in accordance with the declension norms and maintain the same stress point. It is always marked in the dictionary if the formation of or the stress point position for some cases differ from those of the genitive. If the ending(s) for oblique case(s), singular, are followed by a мн. mark and nominative (and may be genitive and dative) plural endings, it means that formation of plural forms for all cases deviates from the norms of the singular forms formation, e.g. ДОЛОТО', -а', мн. - о'та, о'т. Some masculine nouns may have the ending -у in addition to the ending -а in the genitive singular, e.g. са'хара and са'хару. The second ending is usually given only when both variants are used [in literary language] with different shades of meaning.

The nouns are given in nominative plural form if they either have no singular forms, or are more commonly used in the plural. In the first case only the genitive plural form is given after the nominative, e.g. СА'НИ, е'й. In the second case the nominative and genitive singular forms are given in addition to the genitive plural form, e.g. БО'ТИКИ,-ов, ед. бо'тик, -а, м. and БО'ТЫ, бо'тов, ед. бот, -а, м.

When forms of other words are used as plural forms of a given word, it is always marked, e.g. РЕБЁНОК, -нка, в знач. мн. употр. ребя'та, -я'т и де'ти, дете'й, м.; МЕЧТА', -ы, в знач. род. мн. употр. мечта'ний , ж. If a noun is used in the same sense in both numbers then after the ед. or мн. markers a commentary (в одном знач. с ед.) or (в одном знач. с мн.) are given in parentheses followed by the forms of the other number, e.g. ХЛЯ'БЬ, -и, мн. (в одном знач. с ед.) хля'би, -ей, ж.; КРУЖЕВА', кру'жев, -ам, ед. (в одном знач. с мн.) кру'жево, -а, -ср.

For collective nouns the собир. mark is given, e.g. КЛА'КА, -и, ж., собир. If a noun is used in both collective and non-collective sense this fact is indicated in the following way: ГАЛ'ЬКА, -и, ж., также собир.

The Adjectives.

Adjectives are given in the full form of the nominative singular masculine, e.g. НО'ВЫЙ, -ая, -ое; СИ'НИЙ, -яя, -ее; ГЛУБО'КИЙ, ая, ое. It is marked if the masculine gender form is not used or if it is infrequently used.

Short forms are given after the head adjective and its forms, e.g. ГЛИ'НИСТЫЙ, ая, ое; -ист. Short forms of the feminine gender are given only if they differ from the masculine forms in spelling or in stress position. Neuter and plural short forms are given only if their stress position is different from the stress position of the preceding form or if they have some fluctuations, e.g. ГРАНДИО'ЗНЫЙ, -ая, -ое; -зен, зна; ГО'РДЫЙ, -ая, -ое; горд, горда', го'рдо, го'рды (и горды').

Comparative and superlative forms are given if they do not follow the usual formation paradigms. Comparative form is given after the gender forms and the short forms, and is followed by the superlative form, e.g. ВЫСО'КИЙ, -ая, -ое; -ок, -ока', -о'ко и око'; вы'ше; высоча'йший.

The Numerals.

Cardinal numerals are given in nominative form accompanied by the genitive form and also by the forms of other cases if their formation or stress position differs from those of the genitive. Ordinal numerals are given as derivatives under the cardinals, e.g. ПЯ'ТЬ, -и', пятью', числ. ... порядк, пя'тый, -ая, -ое.

The Pronouns.

Pronouns are given in the nominative and, if they have gender forms, in masculine form together with the necessary case forms and forms of other genders. They are provided with a mark and the indication of the category of the pronoun: relative, possessive etc.

The Verbs.

Verbs are given in the infinitive. Verb forms are abbreviated in accordance with the rules of abbreviation (see above). The head word is followed by the forms of 1-st and 2-nd person: present singular (for imperfective verbs) or future singular (for perfective verbs). The 3-rd person plural form is given if its formation differs from the formation of the 2-nd person singular. If the 1-st person form or the 1-st and 2-nd person forms are not actually used, it is marked by 1 лицо (или 1 и 2 лица) не употр., and in this case only the 2-nd or 3-rd person form is given respectively. For impersonal verbs only the 3-rd person singular is given followed by the безл. mark. The personal verb forms are followed by markers of formation and accentuation peculiarities (if any), by past tense forms, imperative forms, passive past participle forms for transitive verbs (with abbreviated short forms), and the gerund (деепричастие). E.g. ПЕРЕНЕСТИ', -су', се'шь; -не'с, -несла'; -не'сший; -неся'; -несе'нный (-е'н, -ена'); ВТЕРЕ'ТЬ, вотру', вотре'шь; втер, -ла;вте'ртый; втере'в (and вте'рши).

After the forms, the aspect and sub-aspect of the verb are indicated by the сов., несов., однокр., многокр. markers. Then, if necessary, strong verb government , i.e. the case required by the verb, is indicated by the so-called declension questions: кого-чего (genitive case), кому-чему (dative case), кого-что (accusative case), кем-чем (instrumental case), о ком-чем (prepositional case); government with prepositions is indicated, respectively, in

the following way: - с кем-чем, во что, от кого-чего etc. If the verb governs only animate nouns then only the кто (кому, кем etc.) question is given, but кого(что) for the accusative case to distinguish it from the genitive. If the verb governs only inanimate nouns then only the что (чему, чем etc.) pronoun is given in the declension question. If the verb has a strong government and at the same time it is widely used without object then the governed case question is followed by the mark: и без доп., e.g. ДУ'МАТЬ ... 1. о ком-чем, над кем-чем и без доп.


Explanatory Dictionary: abbreviations
Explanatory Dictionary - Abbreviations

безл. - 	безличное - impersonal

бран. - 	бранное - abusive

буд. - 	будущее время - future (tense)

букв. - 	буквально - literally

вводн. сл. - 	вводное слово - parenthesis

в знач. сказ. - 	в значении сказуемого - as predicate

вин. - 	винительный падеж - accusative case

возвр. - 	возвратный залог - reflexive voice

вопросит. - 	вопросительное - interrogative

вр. - 	время глагола - tense (of a verb)

высок. - 	высокое, высокого стиля - elevated style

гл. и глаг. - 	глагол - verb

дат. - 	дательный падеж - dative case

деепр. - 	деепричастие - gerund, verbal adverb

действ. - 	действительный залог - active voice

ед. - 	единственное число - singular (number)

ж. - 	женский род - feminine (gender)

зв. - 	старый звательный падеж - archaic vocative case

звукоподр. - 	звукоподражание - onomatopoeia

знач. - 	значение - meaning

им. - 	именительный падеж - nominative case

ирон. - 	ироническое - ironical

книжн. - 	книжное, книжного стиля - bookish

колич. - 	количественное числительное - cardinal numeral

косв. - 	косвенный падеж - oblique case

кратк. или кр. ф. - 	краткая форма прилагательного - short form of an adjective

кратк. м. - 	краткая форма прилагательного мужского рода - short form of an adjective, masculine

к-рый, к-рая, к-рое - 	который, -ая, -ое

л. - 	лицо - person

ласк. - 	ласкательное существительное - affectionate noun

м. - 	мужской род - masculine (gender)

межд. - 	междометие - interjection

мест. - 	местоимение - pronoun

мн. - 	множественное число - plural (number)

многокр. - 	многократный глагол - frequentative verb

-н. (кто-н. и т.д.) - -	нибудь (кто-нибудь и т.д.)

накл. - 	наклонение глагола - mood of a verb

напр. - 	например -for example

нареч. - 	наречие - adverb

наст. - 	настоящее время - present (tense)

неизм. - 	неизменяемое - invariable

нек-рый, нек-рая, нек-рое - 	некоторый, -ая, -ое

неодобр. - 	неодобрительное - disapproving

неопр. - 	неопределенное (наклонение глагола или местоимение) - infinitive, or indefinite (pronoun)

нескл. - 	несклоняемое - indeclinable

несов. - 	несовершенный вид - imperfective aspect (of a verb)

обл. - 	областное - regional

однокр. - 	однократный глагол - momentary verb

определит. - 	определительное - attributive

относит. - 	относительное - relative

офиц. - 	официальное - official

п. - 	падеж - case

первонач. - 	первоначально - initially, originally

перен. - 	переносное значение - figurative meaning

пов. - 	повелительное наклонение - imperative mood

погов. - 	поговорка - saying, adage

полн. или полн. ф. - 	полная форма прилагательного - full form of an adjective

порядк.- 	порядковое числительное - ordinal numeral

посл. - 	пословица - proverb

превосх. ст. - 	превосходная степень прилагательного - superlative degree

предл. - 	предложный падеж - prepositive case

презр. - 	презрительное - contemptuous

преимущ. - 	преимущественно - largely

пренебр. - 	пренебрежительно - disdainful

прил. - 	прилагательное - adjective

притяж. - 	притяжательное - possessive

прич. - 	причастие - participle

произн. - 	произносится - pronounced

прост. - 	просторечие, просторечное - common, low colloquial

противоп. - 	противоположное или противоположность - opposite

прош. - 	прошедшее время - past (tense)

р. - 	род - gender

разг. - 	разговорное - colloquial

род. - 	родительный падеж - genitive case

сем. - 	семейство - family

сказ. - 	сказуемое - predicate

соб. - 	имя собственное - personal noun

собир. - 	собирательное - collective

сов. - 	совершенный вид - perfective aspect (of a verb)

спец. - 	специальное - special

ср. - 	средний род - neuter (gender)

сравн. т. - 	сравнительная степень - comparative degree

стар. - 	старинное - ancient

сущ. - 	существительное - noun

тв. - 	творительный падеж - instrumental case

увел. - 	увеличительное существительное - augmentative noun

удар. - 	ударение - stress

указат. - 	указательное - demonstrative

уменьш. - 	уменьшительное существительное - diminutive noun

унич. - 	уничижительное существительное - pejorative noun

употр. - 	употребляется, употребляющийся - used

усилит. - 	усилительный - intensifying

устар. - 	устарелое - obsolete

ц.-сл. или церк.-слав. - 	церковнославянское - Church Slavonic

ч. - 	число - number

числит. - 	числительное - numeral

шутл. - 	шутливое - playful


Synonyms/antonyms Dictionary

The dictionary is based on the printed book:

Synonyms Dictionary - reference guide, Russian Language Institute of Academy of Science of USSR, Leningrad, "Nauka", 1975.

Electronic version by Russian Language Fund (Institute of Russian Language, Russian Academy of Science).

Abbreviations

Notes


Synonyms/Antonyms Dictionary: abbreviations
Synonyms/antonyms Dictionary - Abbreviations

There is no any abbreviations in the dictionary articles.


Synonyms/Antonyms Dictionary: notes
Synonyms/antonyms Dictionary - Structure of dictionary entries

Articles of this dictionary are of the simplest structure.

Title of each article contains main word (bold-style typeface) which is followed by synonyms in normal-style typeface. Then antonyms follow in italic-style typeface:

жесткий

железный

крепкий

строгий

суровый

твердый

уверенный

неверный

нетвердый

неуверенный


Words Formation Dictionary

The dictionary is based on the printed book:

A.N.Tikhonov, Words Formation Dictionary of Russian Language, v. 1-2, Moscow, "Russki yazik", 1990.

Electronic version by Russian Language Fund (Institute of Russian Language, Russian Academy of Science).

Abbreviations

Notes


Words Formation Dictionary: notes
Words Formation Dictionary - Notation adopted in the Dictionary

Bold typeface is used for affixes (prefixes, interfixes, suffixes) used for word-formation:

аист

аист-ёнок

аист-ник

аренд(а)

со-аренда

суб-аренда

Italics are used for:

1) Commentaries:

грабить I Отнимать силой

ср. негоция, устар. Торговля

2) Unstable or alternating letters that distinguish derivatives from the initial part of the parent word:

о-грабить

ограбл-ениj-е [ограбление]

азбук(а)

азбуч-к-а

азбуч-н(ый)

азбучн-ость

The letter j. If there is a йот phoneme at the joint of two morphemes, this phoneme is represented in the dictionary by the letter j: врун'-j-а, ли-т'j-о, опер-ациj-а, жела-ниj-е, аха-н'j-е, калиj-ев-ый, по-волчj-и (от волч-ий), вороб'j-ин-ый (от воробей), галатереj-а. The orthographic spelling of the word is given in square brackets beside the phonemic one: звер'-j-о [зверье] except the cases when the orthographic form of the stem is maintained within other derivatives in the same word family : регул-яци(j-а) - терм-о-регуляция, рубидиj-ев(ый) - рубидиев-о-стронциевый, молочаj-е-цвет-н-ый - молочаецветн-ые, сущ.

The letter 0. This letter is used to indicate zero suffix. Examples:

бес-крыл-0-ый	пят-0-ый

бес-пал-0-ый	шест-0-ой

Palatalization sign ('). This sign is used in the dictionary to indicate palatalization of consonants preceding j, for example:

вар-ен'j-е	квака-н'j-е

здоров'-j-е	по-баран'j-и

ли-т'j-о	вороб'j-их-а

Exclamation mark !. 1) This sign is used to separate interfix (on the left) from suffix within a formant, for example:

кофе-й!н-ый	март-ов!ск-ий	лимф-ат!ическ-ий

шоссе-й!н-ый	август-ов!ск-ий	лимф-ат!ичн-ый

2) Exclamation mark is used to indicate the boundary between the components of words formed by amalgamation:

высоко!поставленный	низко!летящий

высоко!чтимый	низко!нависший

выше!сказанный	ниже!сказанный

выше!стоящий	ниже!стоящий

3) Exclamation mark indicates the boundary between parts of compound words formed without a connecting vowel:

кино!актер	ди!гамма	фильтр!пресс

кино!аппарат	бор!ментол	хлад!агент

4) Exclamation mark is used to separate parts of word when one of them is used only within the given word:

газ!гольдер	гешефт!махер	кур!нос-0-ый

газ!ойль	корде!балет	какао!велла

диссу!газ

5) Exclamation mark is also used to indicate the boundary between parts of abbreviated words:

агит!бригада	авто!база

агит!вагон	авто!гараж

агит!пункт	авто!гонка

The hyphen. This sign serves to separate in derivatives the parts of which they are formed. In some words it coincides with the orthographic hyphen sign (-). Cf.: по-стар-ому and постарому, черн-о-белый and черно-белый.

Parentheses and brackets. В словаре использованы два вида скобок - круглые и квадратные.

Parentheses are used to enclose:

1) parts of initial word that are not represented in the derivative (endings, truncated segments of the initial stem, etc.), for example:

ваканс(и-я)	газет(а)

вакант-н-ый	газет-к-а

пиан(ино), нескл., ср.	наволоч(к-а)

пиан-ист	наволоч-н-ый

2) parts of the initial stem that are superimposed on the suffix:

сирень

сирен-ев(ый)

сирен-еват-ый [сирен(ев)-еват-ый]

беж, нескл. прил.

беж-ев(ый)

беж-еват-ый [беж(ев)-еват-ый]

3) parts of initial words that are truncated in the process of forming the abbreviated words:

город

город-ск-ой

гор!ком [гор(одской) ком(итет)]

бутан

бут!илен [бут(ан)+(эт)илен]

Brackets are used to enclose:

1) initial words with the letter j inserted into them in order to indicate the exact phonemic boundary between the stem and the ending:

галере(я) [галереj-а]	авари(я) [авариj-а]

2) orthographical spelling of derivatives if they have a letter j in their word-formation structure:

плать(е) [плат'j-е]	греть

плат'j-ишк-о [платьишко]	душ-е-греj-а [душегрея]

плат'j-иц-е [платьице]	тел-о-греj-а [телогрея]

3) combinations of words used as a basis for formation of abbreviated words:

комбинировать

комбинирова-нн-ый, прич.-прил.

комби!жир [комби(нированный) жир]

команд(а)

команд-н-ый

ком!состав [ком(андный) состав]

4) combinations of words used as a basis for word-formation by way of suffixation:

пор(а)

микро!пор(а)

микропор(-ист-ый)

микропор-к-а [микропор(истая резина)-к-а]

подсобн(ый)

подсоб-к-а [подсоб(ное помещение)-к-а]

Arabic numerals. 1, 2 etc. are used to indicate a derivative having not one but two or more initial words from which it is formed, i.e. a word with a multiple word-formation structure:

игл(а)	акме(изм)

игол-к(а)	акме-ист

игольч-ат-ый 1	акмеист-ск-ий 1

иголь-чат-ый 2	акме-ист!ск-ий 2

The derivative игольч-ат-ый 1 is formed from the word иголка with the suffix -ат- and with the к-ч alternation; иголь-чат-ый 2 is formed from the word игла with the suffix -чат- and "zero sound - о" gradation; акмеист-ск-ий 1 is formed from the word акмеист with the suffix -ск- ; акме-ист!ск-ий 2 - from акмеизм with the formant -ист!ск- where -ист- is an interfix.

Roman numeral. Roman numerals I,II etc. indicate homonyms:

вал I Насыпь, гряда	вал II Вращающийся стержень в механизмах

вал-ик I валик II см. вал II	вал-ик II валик I см. вал I

вал-ок I валок II см. вал II	вал-ок II валок I см. вал I

Cм. и Cр. cross-references. Two types of cross-references are used in the dictionary: см. (see) and ср. (сf.).

См. refers to an entry where the word is placed; it is used with compound words and homonyms.

Ср. refers to a word with which the given word has only a weak semantic connection. This cross-reference is also used to introduce obsolete and regional non-derivative words which are placed at the very end of the entry.


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Words Formation Dictionary: abbreviations
Words Formation Dictionary - Abbreviations

анат. - 	анатомия - anatomy

архит. - 	архитектура - architecture

безл. сказ. - 	безличное сказуемое - impersonal predicate

библиогр. - 	библиографический термин - bibliographical term

биол. - 	биология - biology

бот. - 	ботаника - botany

бухг. - 	бухгалтерский термин - accounting term

вводн. сл. - 	вводное слово - parenthesis

в знач. сказ. - 	в значении сказуемого - as predicate

воен. - 	военный термин - military term

глаг. - 	глагол - verb

ед. - 	единственное число - singular number

ж. - 	женский род - feminine gender

звукоподр. - 	звукоподражание - onomatopoeia

зоол. - 	зоология - zoology

и др. - 	и другие - and others

ист. - 	история; историзм - history; historicism

и т.д. - 	и так далее - and so on

и т.п. - 	и тому подобное - and the like

карт. - 	карточный термин - card game term

ласк. - 	ласкательное - affectionate

лингв. - 	лингвистика - linguistics

литерат. - 	литература - literature

м. - 	мужской род - masculine gender

матем. - 	математика - mathematics

мед. - 	медицина - medicine

межд. - 	междометие - interjection

мест. - 	местоимение - pronoun

мн. - 	множественное число - plural number

мод. сл. - 	модальное слово - modal word

мор. - 	морской термин - nautical term

муз. -	музыка - music

нареч. - 	наречие - adverb

нар.-поэт. - 	народно-поэтическоеслово - folk-poetic

неизм. - 	неизменяемое - invariable

нескл. - 	несклоняемое - indeclinable

несов. - 	несовершенный вид - imperfective aspect

обл. - 	областное слово - regional word

охот. - 	охотничий термин - hunting term

прил. - 	прилагательное - adjective

прич. - 	причастие - participle

прич.-прил. - 	причастие в значении прилагательного - participle used as adjective

прост. - 	просторечное слово - common (low colloquial) word

см. - 	смотрите - see

собир. - 	собирательное - collective

сов. - 	совершенный вид - perfective aspect

спец. - 	специальный термин - special term

спорт. - 	спортивный термин - sporting term

ср. - 	1) сравните; 2) средний род - 1) compare; 2) neuter gender

сущ. -	существительное - noun

с.-х. - 	сельскохозяйственный термин - agricultural term

тех. - 	техника - technical

типогр. - 	типографский термин - typographical term

ткацк. - 	ткацкий термин - weaving term

увел. - 	увеличительное - augmentative

увел.-унич. - 	увеличительно-уничижительное - augmentative-pejorative

уменьш. - 	уменьшительное - diminutive

уменьш.-ласк. - 	уменьшительно-ласкательное - diminutive-affetionate

устар. - 	устарелое слово - obsolete word

физ. - 	физика - physics

юр. - 	юридический термин - law term


Words Government Dictionary

The dictionary is based on the printed book:

D.E.Rozental, Words Government in Russian Language, 2nd edition, Moscow, "Russki yazik", 1986.

Electronic version by Russian Language Fund (Institute of Russian Language, Russian Academy of Science).

Abbreviations.

Notes.


Words Government Dictionary: abbreviations
Words Government Dictionary - Abbreviations

и др. - 	и другие - and others

ист. - 	история; историзм - history; historicism

и т.д. - 	и так далее - and so on

и т.п. - 	и тому подобное - and the like

кн.	lкнижное - iterary

-л. (что-л. и т.п.)	-либо (что-либо и т.п.)

прост.	просторечное - vulgar

проф.	профессиональное - professional

разг.	разговорное - colloquial word or construction

см. - 	смотрите - see

спец. - 	специальный термин - special term

ср. - 	сравните - compare

устар.	устаревшее - obsolete


Words Government Dictionary: notes
Words Government Dictionary - Notes

The purpose of the reference dictionary. When creating and editing a text one often faces the problems of syntactic government, i.e. the choice of the appropriate case form and preposition. Although constructions with government are very stable, it is not uncommon to observe the cases of fluctuation and variativeness that cause problems.

Indeed, many people have probably had occasion to ponder over the problem jf how it would be better (what is more correct) to say : предостеречь от кого-чего or предостеречь против кого-чего, иммунитет к чему or иммунитет против чего, нужный кому or нужный для кого etc. What is the difference in the meaning between the following pairs of collocations: удостоить чего - удостоить чем, удовлетворять что - удовлетворять чему, обеспечить кого чем - обеспечить кому что, работать вечерами - работать по вечерам etc? What is the stylistic difference between the following pairs of collocations: идти за водой - идти по воду, пройти около километра - пройти с километр, по возвращении из отпуска - после возвращения из отпуска, дай ножичек - дай ножичка etc.? The purpose of this reference dictionary is to help persons that create or perfect texts to overcome problems in choosing variative constructions.

The reference dictionary pursues two main objectives : 1) to prevent and correct the errors (grammatical objective) and 2) to help in choosing the best alternative (stylistic objective).

The composition of the reference dictionary. Naturally, when selecting material for the dictionary there arises the question of the essence of the syntactical phenomenon called government.

The notion of government cannot be formulated in an unambiguous way. By the government in the broad sense of the word one may mean a relation which is expressed in any case or case-prepositional form depending upon the governing word. However such a broad concept of relations between the governing and dependent words have since long been doubted. It was pointed out that in such collocations as дом с колоннами, дом в шесть этажей, дом на углу соседней улицы, дом из панелей, дом кирпичного цвета etc., there is no question of government, i.e. of a direct dependence of the case-prepositional form upon the lexical meaning or grammatical peculiarities of the word elucidaited by this form. Even taking into consideration the "weak government" cannot justify the use of the term government when referring to the aforementioned collocations. In these collocations we do not have objective or adverbial relations (which are characteristic of government) but the attributive ones. One may cite many examples (e.g. гулял в лесу, гулял с товарищем, гулял по вечерам etc.) where some researchers see not a government relation but a relation of adjoinment (parataxis).

Another example. It is well known that every noun may have another noun in the genitive case as an elucidatory word. However, according to the same researchers, this does not imply that in all these cases we have a government relation. Thus, in collocations ножка стола, тетрадь ученика, брат жены, директор издательства, запах розы, свежесть утра etc., the advocates of the narrow interpretation of the notion of government see the noun adjoinment and not the government, although the governing word of the collocation has a dependent word in oblique case. On the other hand, in collocations результаты выборов, требование моды, уважение к старшим, мастер на выдумки etc. a noun government relation is acknowledged.

These points (independently of the differences in the points of view) could be taken as a guide when preparing the vocabulary list of the present publication. It means that our dictionary does not contain case-prepositional forms considered by some researches to be the cases of adjoinment and not of the government (the exception being made for cases allowing variative forms and having some interest in this connection, see below).

In order to restrict the material we also did not include in the dictionary the majority of verb constructions (mainly with the strong government verbs) that may be used automatically by the person writing a text.

As criteria for such selection we used not so much the "difficulties" of the government itself (the majority of them are known to a person having a good command of the standarn or "literary" language) as the problems that arise when selecting variative constructions differing by their semantic or stylistic shades. This category includes the cases of verb and noun government:

1) bi-variant government of the following types:

a)	ждать, желать, просить, требовать ... кого-чего and кого-что;

b)	дарить, жаловать, обеспечить ... кого-чем and кому-что;

c)	взять, выпить, добавить, принести ... что and чего;

d)	выведать, добиваться, допытываться, узнать ... от кого and у кого;

e)	возбудить, выявить ... в ком and у кого;

f)	вертеть, вращать ... что and чем;

g)	бороться (борьба), сражаться ... против кого-чего and с кем-чем;

h)	лекарство, средство ... от чего and против чего;

I)	выгодный, дорогой, доступный ... для кого and кому;

j)	готовый, способный ... к чему and на что;

2) trivariant government of the following types:

a)	вспоминать, говорить, знать ... что, о чем and про что (one may continue the series by adding to it stylistically colored prepositions насчет, касательно, относительно);

b)	горевать, грустить, скучать, тосковать ... о ком, по кому-чему and по ком-чем;

c)	алчный, жадный, падкий ... до чего, к чему and на что.

There fre also cases of multivariant government : разговоры о поездке, насчет поездки, относительно поездки, касательно поездки.

We included in the dictionary the constructions with verbs referring to movement in space, like перевалить, переехать, перейти, переплыть, перепрыгнуть, переступить ... что and через что.

A major group is represented by constructions referring to the direction and the location of action, like повесить, положить, поместить, поставить ... куда (на что, во что) and где (на чем, в чем).

In the reference dictionary the reader will find constructions with some rarely used verbs and "unexpected" government, e.g. обезъянничать кого-что, оскандалить кого, as well as with special verbs like мездрить что.

When selecting stylistic and grammatical variants we had to include "chronological" variants: we mean variants with obsolete semantics and variants with obsolete government forms. The first category includes such constructions as взыскующий чего, небречь чем and о чем, обзавести кого чем, преобратить что во что etc. The second category includes constructions like бежать чего, властвовать кем-чем, надеяться чего, править кого-что, руководить кого-что, следить что, способствовать к чему, удивляться чего etc. Their inclusion in the reference dictionary is motivated by the fact that such constructions sometimes occur in the texts of modern writers, to say nothing about the fact that the editor has to deal with the texts of the old classic writers.

There are many double government constructions in the dictionary which are of interest not from the point of view of difficulties but from the standpoint of their valency (i.e. the ability of a word to enter collocations), like аргументировать, завершить, заполнить, ознаменовать ... что чем, ассоциировать, связывать ... что с чем, вбить, ввернуть, вверстать, вовлечь, загнать ... что во что etc.

To show some trends in the competition of prepositional and prepositionless constructions we included in the reference dictionary entries like высотой, глубиной, длиной, шириной в ..., ценой, стоимостью в... etc. , the second variant being accusative case without preposition. For the sake of comparison we also give entries like вечерами - по вечерам, временами - по временам etc.

Entry of the dictionary.

1.	The headwords are given in alphabetical order.

2.	Entry consists of a headword, pronominal question to the headword and an illustrating example with a case-prepositional form. For example:

базировать что на чем. Базировать промышленность на местном сырье.

3.	The meaning of the headword is explained if the form of the dependent word is related to it (words are explained in accordance with modern dictionaries). For example:

настегать (стегая, изготовит в каком-л. количестве) что and чего (followed by examples).

4.	Polysemantic words (including the direct and figurative meanings) are given in a common entry. Separate meanings are numbered if they are connected with different government schemes. For example:

предварить что о чем. 1. что (сделать что-л. раньше чего-л., предпослать чему-л.). Предварить события. 2. о чем (предупредить , уведомить заранее). Предварить о приезде.

The meanings are not given if they have identical government. For example:

претендовать на что. Претендовать на вакантное место. Претендовать на особое положение. Претендовать на получение ученой степени. Претендовать на остроумие.

5.	Homonyms are given in separate entries with number labels above the headword. For example:

доложить 1 (сделать доклад, донесение о чем-л., поставить в известность) что and о чем. Доложить результаты наблюдений. Доложить о приходе посетителя.

доложить 2 (прибавить) что and чего. 1. что (полный охват предмета действием). Доложить недостающую сумму. 2. чего (частичный охват предмета действием). Доложить варенья в блюдце.

6.	As a rule, verbs are given in the perfective infinitive form. The second element of the aspect pair either is not given at all or is given beside (in order to confirm the examples that follow) or is given at its place according to the alphabetical order with a cross-reference to the headword, e.g.:

спрятать см. прятать; запачкать см. пачкать.

7.	Full and predicative forms of adjectives (if the latter are necessary to illustrate the examples) are given in a common entry, e.g.:

длинный (длинен) кому и для кого-чего.

8.	In some cases we give the entries of the generalizing character:

a)	the entry for the negative particle "не" that explains the cases of the use of the genitive and accusative cases of the dependent word with a transitive verb with negation;

b)	the entry for the verb prefix "на" that gives the verb the meaning of fullness and quantitative abundance in the manifestation of action. The verbs with this prefix govern [require] the accusative or genitive case, e.g.: надарить массу игрушек -- надарить игрушек. The entry explains in which case which case form should be used with subsequent cross-reference to the common entry given for numerous verbs with this prefix to the common entry;

c)	the entry on the case forms of the numeral два (три, четыре) used in certain constructions (купить двух коров -- ... две коровы; избрать тридцать два делегата -- ... тридцать двух делегатов);

e)	entries of comparative character dedicated to the use of prepositions: в -- за (when referring to time), cf.: в одну неделю -- за одну неделю; в -- на (when referring to location, direction of action, field of activity), cf.: (находиться) в кухне -- на кухне; (смотреть) в небо -- на небо; (работать) в студии -- на киностудии; (ехать) в автобусе -- на автобусе. See also entries for для -- на, к -- на, к -- под, на -- по, около -- до -- с, от -- у, по -- после, сквозь -- через etc.

9)	Similar cases are explained in an identical way. Thus, the following formulae are given to explain the use of the accusative and genitive case with transitive verbs like добыть, купить, прибавить, привезти ... что и чего: a) "полный охват предмета действием" -- "частичный охват предмета действием" ("the object completely taken by the action" -- "the object partially taken by the action" or b) "указание на определенную меру или количество" -- "указание на неопределенную меру или количество" ("indication of a definite measure or quantity" -- "indication of indefinite measure or quantity" . For emotion verbs (горевать, грустить, скучать, тосковать ... о ком-чем, по кому-чему, по ком-чем) the dictionary gives identical explanations for all constructions (see respective entries).

Labels in the reference dictionary. There are grammatical and stylistic labels in the dictionary. The first category includes the warning (prohibiting) label "не", e.g.: заведующий чем (не чего), управляющий чем (не чего), свойственный кому (не для кого), характерный для кого (не кому).

About stylistic labels see Abbreviations.

Illustrations in the reference dictionary. The examples of the use of constructions that are given in the entry are provided in the form of sayings, separate sentences, and citations from the fiction and social and political literature, scientific and business speech. As a rule, the examples are of positive nature, i.e. they show the use of grammatical constructions that constitute a norm in the modern russian language. Obsolete forms that are given for comparison serve to show their subsequent development and their possible modern use with stylistic purpose.


Morphological Dictionary

This dictionary is unique: there no exists printed analog of the dictionary. The dictionary was developed on the base of fundamental The Russian Grammar Dictionary by A.A.Zaliznyak, contains more than 100 000 entries and presents you all correct wordforms of the given word.

The morphological dictionary can not be browsed.

Abbreviations

Notes


Morphological Dictionary: notes
Morphological Dictionary - Structure of Dictionary Entries

The articles of the dictionary are of the following structure:

word (headword)

Notes line (part of speech and comments)

Table of all possible forms of the word.

The structure of the table varies significantly for different parts of speech.


Morphological Dictionary: abbreviations
Morphological Dictionary - Abbreviations

акт. - 	активный -

ж. - 	женский род - feminine gender

к. ф. - 	краткая форма - short form

м. - 	мужской род - masculine (gender)

мн. - 	множественное число - plural (number)

с. - 	средний род - neuter (gender)

страд. - 	страдательный -


Using Keyboard

Accelerators

RPh Windows Keyboard Commands

Control Window Keyboard Commands

Switching between windows using keyboard


RPh Windows Keyboard Commands

For all RPh Windows you may use Tab, Shift+Tab keys combinations to mark desired words (Tab moves selection one word forward, Shift+Tab - one word back).

To get additional information on the selected word you should press Enter - this brings you Word Lookup Dialog with the selected word in input field (this action is equivalent of double clicking word with left mouse button - see Marking cursor).


Keyboard Accelerators

Currently there are a few special accelerator keys:

F3	add new word

F4	open Control Window

F7	get a Previous Word

F8	get a Next Word

Alt+B	browse current dictionary

and some standard accelerators:

F1	enter this help (with some context sensitivity)

Ctrl+F4	close current RPh Window

Alt+F4	close RPh application

Alt+F6	switch between Main and Control windows

Ctr+F6	switch between RPh windows

Shift+Del	cut marked text from Editor window to Clipboard

Ctrl+Ins	copy text (or article contents) to Clipboard

Shift+Ins	paste text from Clipboard (for input lines and editor windows)

Ctrl+Del	delete marked text from Editor window

Alt+BkSp	undo last editing command in Editor window

Shift+F5	cascade windows

Shift+F4	tile windows


Adding New Word
Adding a New Word

You may start adding of new word in three ways:

1) using View/Word... Main Menu command;

2) using F3 accelerator key;

3)using Toolbar.

Generally, word adding comprises three steps:

1) Entering a new word using Word Lookup dialog

2) After you enter a new word RPh checks its spelling. If spelling is incorrect the Spell Checker dialog appears.

Using this dialog you may choose one of the proposed corrections for the word.

3) Then RPh normalizes (if necessary) the word. In some cases there may be found several alternative normalized form. This occurs when definite forms of two different words coincide in spelling. If this is a fact one of the Homonymy dialogs appears.

As you may guess Steps 2 and 3 are optional. But there is one note which may not be guessed about. For some words presented as the alternatives in Spelling an Homonyms dialogs no RPh Windows can be opened. This is due to the fact that spelling and homonyms searching are based on Morphological Dictionary which is one of the most complete dictionaries (see Dictionaries). So some words recognized by Spell Checker are not presented in other dictionaries (especially this is true for Words Government Dictionary which contains non-standard government constructions).

On the other hand, Words Formation Dictionary is even more comprehensive than Morphological one. So some words from this dictionary may be unrecognized by spell-checker.


Toolbar

Toolbar gives you a quick access to the most often used Main Menu commands:

the same as File/New

the same as File/Open...

the same as File/Save

the same as File/Print...

the same as Edit/Cut

the same as View/Word...

the same as View/Previous word

the same as View/Next word

the same as View/Dictionary

no menu analog Pronounce current word

the same as View/Control Window

the same as Options/Environment...

the same as Options/Fonts...

the same as Window/Cascade

the same as Window/Tile

the same as Window/Close all

the same as Help/Contents


Configuration

Configuration of Russian Philologist assumes the next settings:

1) Environment Settings:

autosave settings

the behavior of the Control Window

the picture for an empty window

actions for right mouse button

2) interface language

3) the Fonts Settings

4) to show or not empty windows (see Options/Show Empty Dictionaries).


Desktop

This concept includes the sizes and positions of all currently opened RPh Windows.


Homonymy

There are two different problems with homonymy:

1. The form of the word is alike to one of the forms of another word. It is so called Word Forms Homonymy. For example:

2. The normal forms of the different words have the equal spelling but different meanings. This is Meanings Homonymy. For example:

Choose attentively what you really need.