üAbout DiskTreeþþ               DiskTree V1.1 (Oct 1991 Release)þ                              þ               (C)opyright 1991 Richard Smithþ          (C)opyright 1991 Vanishing-Point Softwareþ                              þ                         Help Vn 1.1þþ                This program is dedicated toþ                              þ                        Cliff BurtonþþIntroductionþþMaking order  out of  the chaos  of the  thousands  of  filesþcontained on  even the  smallest of  Hard-disk drives is bothþimportant and incredibly tedious.  Without control and order,þfiles get  lost, space  gets wasted and productivity drops asþusers spend  more and  more time  just keeping  track of whatþfiles are  where.  Of course, in a perfect world, users wouldþsave their  data according to a sensible and logical standardþof what  files should  go where.   Unfortunately, no one doesþthis with  any real  conviction and when things get confused,þthere is no quick way of sorting the mess out.þþDiskTree is  an attempt  at creating  an affordable, powerfulþand above all, easy-to-use disk management tool.þÿþþüKeysþþFunction area          Function            Key pressþ-------------          --------            ---------þþGeneral                Help                F1 (functionþ                       Mouse off           F10   keys)þþDirectory functions:   ýTagý                 Tþ(main menu)            ýUntagý               Uþ                       ýtaG maský             Gþ                       ýFindý                Fþ                       ýCopyý                Cþ                       ýDeleteý              Dþ                       ýMoveý                Mþ                       ýNew dirý             Nþ                       ýOptionsý             Oþ                       ýStatý                Sþ                       ýLog driveý           Lþ                       ý^Log optionsý         ^L (ctrl L)þ                       ýZipý                 Zþ                       ýRETURN for filesý  RETURN/ENTERþ                       ýQuit DiskTreeý       QþþDirectory functions:   ýChecks/flagsý        Cþ(Options sub menu)     ýExternal linksý      Eþ                       ýSort criteriaý       Sþ                       ýVariable shortcutsý  V þ                       ýKeep (save options)ý Sþ                       ýRETURN & ESCAPEý   RETRUN&ESCAPEþþDirectory functions:þ(Log options)          ýClear driveý         Cþ                       ýRe-read driveý       RþþFile functions:        ýtagý                 Tþ                       ý^tag allý            ^Tþ                       ýuntagý               Uþ                       ý^untag allý          ^Uþ                       ýcopyý                Cþ                       ýdeleteý              Dþ                       ýmoveý                Mþ                       ýattribý              Aþ                       ýinvertý              Iþ                       ýviewý                Vþ                       ýeditý                Eþ                       ýexecý                Xþ                       ýrenameý              Rþ                       ýtaG maský            Gþ                       ýshow MATCH/ALLý      Sþ                       ýdos cmdý             Oþ                       ýdisplayý             Pþ                       ýESCAPEý              ESCAPEþþViewer:                Ascii               Aþ                       Binary              Bþ                       Hex                 Hþ                       Stripped            Sþ                       Page up             Uþ                       Page down           Dþ                       ESCAPE to exit      ESCAPEþÿþþþüIndexþþ          þIntroduction:     ýAbout DiskTreeýþ                  ýMS-DOS directory structureýþþBasic facilities: ýDirectory functionsýþ                  ýFile functionsýþ                  ýDifferences between functionsýþ               þConcepts:         ýTaggingýþ                  ýTag maskingýþþDiskTree in use:  ýThe user interfaceýþ               þDirectory tree    ýDirectory functions overviewýþfunctions         ýDirectory function descriptionsýþþFile fucntions    ýFile functions overviewýþ                  ýFile function descriptionsýþþMisc info         ýDiskTree and Networksýþ                  ýImproving system performanceýþ                  ýRegistrationýþþQuick reference   ýKeysýþþÿþüMS-DOS directory structureþþ(Beginners Intro)þþThe MS-DOS directory structure  is made  up of  basically twoþtypes of  item;  files - containing program and user data andþdirectories which  hold the  individual  files.  The  averageþdisk, be it a floppy disk drive or hard disk can contain manyþsuch ýFilesý, þ     ýDirectoriesý.þÿþþþüDirectoriesþþDirectories can  be one of two types; the root directory or aþsub-directory.   On any  single drive there will only ever beþone root  directory but  there may  be many  sub-directories.þThis situation is more easy to visualise if one considers theþdirectory structure  as a  sort of up-side-down tree with theþroot directory  at the  top and  sub-directories growing downþfrom it.  The following diagram shows what might be a typicalþstructure for  a fairly  empty hard-disk,  in this case driveþ'C'.þþ                          (The root - '\')þ             _________________/________________þ            /        /          \              \þ          DOS       SYS        WORK           MODULA2þ                                / \              /\þ                              /     \          /    \þ                           DOCS     TEMP     MOD   DEFþþIn this  example the  root (shown  as  a  '\')  contains  theþsubdirectories DOS,  SYS, WORK  and MODULA2.  In addition theþsub-directory WORK  contains two  further  sub-directories  -þDOCS and  TEMP.  The sub-directory MODULA2 also contains sub-þdirectories; in this case, MOD and DEF.þþDirectories are specified by their paths.  A path defines theþroute through  to the directory tree structure for individualþdirectories.þþThe format for a DOS path is thus:þþDRIVE-DESIGNATOR, ROOT, 1ST SUB-DIR, '\', 2ND SUB-DIR  ..þþIn our example the path for the TEMP directory within WINDOWSþis:þ                   ___sub-dir separatorþ                  /þ          C:\WORK\TEMP --- sub-dir nameþ         / /  \     \þ   drive  root  \     \þdesignator       Sub-dir \__ sub-dir separatorþþFor normal  DOS paths,  the drive designator and root are notþcompulsory and  it is  normal to only give enough informationþto get specify the required directory.þþExample:þþSuppose, using  the above  examples, that  we are at the rootþ'\'.   To move  (Using the DOS command line, NOT DiskTree) toþthe TEMP directory of the WORK directory:þþ     CD WORK\TEMP   <---'  (Return or Enter)þþSince we  are at  the root, the tree follows straight down toþthe TEMP  directory  through  the  WINDOWS  directory.    If,þhowever, we  were already within the directory DOCS, we wouldþhave to  specify the  root '\'  to get  back to  the  correctþstarting point position:þþ     CD \WORK\TEMP   <---'  (Return or Enter)þþThe other  way to  change to  C:\WORK\TEMP from  C:\WORK\DOCSþwould be  to use  the backward  tree pointers that point backþthrough the directory structure to the root.þþWhen a  directory is  created, DOS  automatically creates twoþother sub-directory  entries - '.' and '..'.  The '.' (singleþfull stop) means 'the current directory' and the '..' (doubleþfull stop) means 'the directory above the current one'.þþUsing the  above example,  we could  get to C:\WORK\TEMP fromþC:\WORK\DOCS thus:þþ     CD ..\..\WORK\TEMP   <---'þþSee ýFilesý,þ    ýFiles and directoriesý.þÿþþþüFilesþþDOS stores  program data  and user data such as spreadsheets,þword processed  letters etc.. in 'files'.  A file is simply aþcollection of  individually characters  (e.g 'A','B')  and isþmeasured in  'bytes'.   Since files  are  normally  at  leastþseveral thousand  bytes long, the Kilobyte is usually used toþrefer to  their size.  A kilobyte is actually, 1024 bytes butþa thousand  will do.   You will probably come across the termþ'megabyte' at some point, and a megabyte is 1024 kilo bytes.þþA file is named with up to eight letters plus an extension ofþa further three letters.  Between the name and extension is aþ'.'.   The extension  usually defines  what type  of data theþfile contains.   There are essentially two types of data thatþfiles can contain:þþRunnable or executable program files:þþ     Runnable (executable)  files have  either the  extensionþ     'BAT' (batch),  'EXE'  or  'COM'.      Batch  files  areþ     slightly different  from EXE or COM files but in averageþ     use, the  appear the  same.   See a proper DOS guide forþ     fuller information.þ     þAnything else:þþ     Word processing,  spread sheet, help,  source code filesþ     etc.. the  list goes  on and on..  Typical extension youþ     may come  across are  'DAT', 'TXT', 'WKS', 'DOC', 'PRG',þ     'DBF'  etc..   The   extensions   usually   show   whichþ     applications the  files relate  too. i.e  DOC  for  wordþ     processing.þ     þFiles are  contained within directories and there is normallyþno limit  to the  number of files you can have, except in theþdisk space  you have  available.   The only  exception is theþroot directory  which has  a limit to the number of files (orþsub-directories) than can be contained within it.þþTypical root-directory limits are:þþ360K 5 1/4" disk         112 files, sub-dirsþ1.2M 5 1/4" disk         224    "  "þHard disks               512  (may vary)þþSince it  is very  good practice  to keep files and groups ofþfiles in  sub-directories with their associated applications,þthe limit is not likely to become a problem.þþSee ýDirectoriesý,þ    ýFiles and directoriesý,þÿþþþüFiles and directoriesþþSo  far,   we  have   talked  about   directories  and  filesþseparately.   In  general  use,  however,  they  are  closelyþrelated in  that you need to the know the directory structureþto find and access the files you need.þþExample:þþThe full  path of  a WP  file, 'LETTER.DOC'  in the directoryþ'C:\WORK\DOCS' is actually:þþ     C:\WORK\DOCS\LETTER.DOC  !!!þþIn practice, you would not normally need to use the full pathþsince you are likely to be in the DOCS sub-dir anyway.þþThe problem  occurs, however,  if you  want to  move or  copyþfiles around your disk for back-up purposes.  As can be seen,þthere is  a fair  amount of  typing in  the above  line whichþrepresents  part   of  a  very  simple  directory  structure.þImagine the situation however, in a real-world situation withþdozens, maybe hundreds of directories and thousands of files.þMoving that  many files  around  by  hand  gives  you  brain-þfailure!þþÿþþþüDirectory functionsþþ(Introduction)þþDirectory   functions    are   performed   on   a   pictorialþrepresentation of  a drives  directory structure which can beþtraversed using either the keyboard or mouse.þþ*    DiskTree's most  powerful abilities are in its directoryþ     copying facilities.    Entire  directory  trees  can  beþ     copied with ease and minimal typing effort. Copied treesþ     can also retain their directory structure.þ     þ*    The file/directory  deletion  facilities  are  similarlyþ     powerful, allowing deletion across an entire drive.  Forþ     example, all .BAK files within a drive or directory treeþ     can be deleted with just a couple of key presses.þþSee ýDirectory functions overviewý,þ    ýDirectory function descriptionsý,þ    ýFile functionsý,þ    ýFile functions overviewý,þ    ýFile function descriptionsý.þÿþþþüFile functionsþþ(Introduction)þþDiskTree's file  functions operate  on  individual  files  orþgroups of  files in  a directory  selected with the directoryþfunctions.   Operations are  performed in a scrollable windowþshowing filenames,  size, date  and  time  as  well  as  fileþattributes.þþ*    Facilities are  provided to edit, view, execute, delete,þ     move, copy, rename and set file attributes. In addition,þ     file viewing  and editing  can be  performed by externalþ     programmes, 'hooked'  into DiskTree.  In this way you doþ     not loose your favourite editors etc..þ     þ*    Files  may   be  partially  viewed  automatically,  whenþ     scrolling through  the file list.  A facility useful forþ     checking the  contents  of  a  file  without  having  toþ     expressly open it.þþSee ýFile functions overviewý,þ    ýFile function descriptionsý,þ    ýDirectory functionsý,þ    ýDirectory functions overviewý,þ    ýDirectory function descriptionsý.     þþÿþþþüDifferences between functionsþþBoth  directory  and  file  operations  include  copying  andþdeletion facilities,  but they  operate in slightly differentþways.   Directory functions operate on ALL tagged   files andþdirectories  on   the  drive  currently  being  used.    Fileþfunctions are  only performed  on  tagged  files  within  theþcurrent directory.þþþÿþþþüFile / directory taggingþþThe single most important concept used in DiskTree is idea ofþthe tag.   A  tag shows  that the  file or directory has beenþselected for  further manipulation.   Most directory and fileþoperations only  work on  tagged files.  A tag is representedþby the characters '>>' next to the directory or file name.þþSee ýFile taggingý,þ    ýDirectory taggingý.þþþÿþþþüDirectory taggingþþDirectory tagging  and un-tagging is performed on directoriesþAND their  contents.   If a  directory is  tagged, the  filesþwithin it are also tagged (according to the current TAG MASK.þSee  ýtaG maský).    In  addition,  if  the  option  'Recurseþsubdirectories' is  on (as it is by default), all directoriesþwithin the directory will also be tagged.þþExample:þþ    Take the following directory structure:þþ    (before tag)          (after tagging directory WORK)þþ     ---WORK                       ->>WORKþ        ---ABC                        ->>ABCþ        ---BACKUP                     ->>BACKUPþ           ---ABC                        ->>ABCþ           ---TESTING                    ->>TESTINGþþAs can  be seen, the entire tree below and including work hasþbeen tagged.  A copy or delete could then be performed on theþentire tree.   If  many  such  trees  had  been  tagged,  theþdirectory functions copy or delete would affect them all.þþThe untagging or removal of the tags are performed in exactlyþthe same way as tagging.þþNOTE: Since  it is possible to tag an entire drive easily andþthen delete  it, care  should be  taken to  ensure that  onlyþdesired directories and files are tagged.  To help with this,þa count of the number of tagged files and directories and theþsize of the tagged files is displayed on the screen.þþSee also ýDirectory functions overviewý.þþþÿþþþüFile taggingþþFile tagging effects only files in the current directory thatþfile operations  are being  carried out on.  All files can beþtagged or untagged and files may also be tagged individually.þþIn addition,  the tag  invert facility  can be used to invertþthe file tags.  Tagged files are untagged, untagged files areþtagged.þþExample:þ     þ     If you  had 100 files in a directory and you wishedþ     keep 10  of them  and delete  the rest.  Instead ofþ     tagging all  the files  you want to delete, you canþ     tag the  files you  wish to  keep and  issue a  tagþ     invert.þ     þThe file  operations  copy,  move,  attrib  and  delete  onlyþperform on tagged files.þþIf any  files within  a directory  are tagged,  the directoryþitself will  also be  tagged, indicating that it contains oneþor more tagged files.þþSee also ýTag maskingý,þ         ýtaG maský.þþÿþþüTag maskingþþThe file  mask is used to control what files are selected forþtagging.   It consists  of a  standard DOS  filename and  mayþcontain wildcards.   By default it is '*.*', which means thatþall files  would be  tagged.  In many situations, however, itþis desirable to specify particular files for tagging.þþExamples:þþ     To tag only filenames with the extension 'BAK', theþ     tag mask would be set to '*.BAK'.þ     þ     If for some reason, only files starting with 'TEST'þ     might be  required and  in this case, the file maskþ     would be set to 'TEST*.*'.þ     þSpecifying partial  file masks is very useful for removing orþcopying files  of a particular type.  As shown in the exampleþabove, setting  the file  mask to  '*.BAK'  would  allow  theþtagging of  all .BAK  files within  a directory, tree or evenþthe entire drive.  Issuing a delete command would then deleteþall tagged  files on  the currently logged drive (in the caseþof directory  functions)  or  all  tagged  files  within  theþcurrent directory (in the case of file functions).þþDates can  also be  specified allowing files before, after orþbetween given dates to taggable.þþThe file mask can be combined with the before and after datesþto allow the masking of specific files which have date stampsþbetween specified ranges.þþExample:þþ     To allow  all *.BAK  files created  after 16/3/1991  andþ     before 1/4/1991 to be taggable:þ     þ          Files mask:    *.BAKþ          Before date:   1/4/1991þ          After date:    16/3/1991þ     þSee also the ýtaG maský.þÿþþþüThe user interfaceþþDiskTree's user interface is designed to work with either theþmouse of the keyboard.  The keyboard is recommended for thoseþof you  who are  fairly proficient  typists whilst  other mayþfind the  mouse easier.  In all cases, the keyboard and mouseþcan perform the same operations.þþMost of  DiskTree's functions  are listed  in  reverse  videoþboxes towards the bottom of the screen.  The text in each boxþwill have  one letter  in upper case, and this is the key youþpress to activate the option from the keyboard.  i.e. 'T' forþ'Tag'.   Moving the  mouse cursor over one of these boxes andþpressing either mouse button will also activate the option.þþIn other  operations such as 'Options' or 'taG mask' the sameþrules apply, but there can be other editable items as well.þþEditable objects  are usually listed down the screen togetherþwith a '<' next to the currently selected object.  The up andþdown cursor keys move you from object to object.þþMulti-select  objects   are  a  list  (horizontally)  of  theþavailable options  in the current object, such as 'On Off' orþ'A C  E F'.  One of the items in the list will be highlightedþand the highlight can be moved with the left and right cursorþkeys.þþEditable text  is entered  on the keyboard and can be enteredþupto the  size of the box the text is contained in.  Pressingþthe TAB  key will clear all text from box.  The backspace keyþdeletes text a character at a time.þþGeneral traversal  of the  directory tree  and the files listþare performed  using the  cursor keys  or the mouse.  Page upþand page down move pages up or down.þþThe slide  bars to  the left  of the  directory tree  and theþfiles list  are used (with the mouse only) to move up or downþeither line  by line  or page  by page.   Clicking  the mouseþcursor over  the directional  arrows at  the top or bottom ofþthe slider  will move  up and down by one line.  Clicking theþmouse cursor  above or  below the  solid bar which representsþthe position within the tree or list, will move up or down asþmany  lines   as  the  solid  part  of  the  bar  represents.þTypically a page or so.þÿþþþüDirectory functions overviewþþThe directory  functions display  forms the  central core  ofþDiskTree, other options such as the file functions, appear asþwindows on top of this screen:þþThe top-left  part of  the screen  consists  of  a  scrollingþwindow showing  the  directory  structure  of  the  currentlyþlogged drive.   A  highlight box  and the scroll bar indicateþthe position  within the  directory tree.  Information on theþcurrent directory  (ie. size  of files  within  it)  and  theþcurrent tree  (all the  files and  directories including  andþbelow the  current dir) is displayed to the right of the treeþwindow.   The disk  label, number  of files  and directories,þplus the  remaining space  on the  drive  is  also  displayedþtogether with the number of tagged files, directories and theþsize of the tagged files.þþIf the  option 'Show files' is ON, the first 15 (depending onþthe number  of lines on the screen) filenames are also listedþin a window to the top right of the screen.þþThe directory list is always displayed in alphabetical order.þþSee ýDirectory function descriptionsýþÿþþþüDirectory function descriptionsþþDirectory functions  (and file  functions) are invoked eitherþby:þþ*    moving the  mouse cursor  into the  appropriate box  andþ     clicking either mouse button,þ     þ*    pressing the  capital letter  in the  option you wish toþ     select. eg.  'T' or  't'  for  'Tag',  'O'  or  'o'  forþ     'Options'.  Case is not important.þ     þAvailable directory functions are:þþ      ýTagý þ      ýUntagý þ      ýtaG maskýþ      ýFindýþ      ýCopyýþ      ýDeleteý    þ      ýMoveý        þ      ýNew dirý        þ      ýOptionsý    þ      ýStatýþ      ýLog driveý   þ      ý^Log optionsý   þ      ýZipý     þ      ýRETURN for filesý  þ      ýQuit DiskTreeýþþþÿþþþüTagþþDirectory trees  and the  files within  them can  be selectedþ(tagged) with  this function.   Directories  are only  markedþwith a  tag if  one or  more files  within them match the tagþmask.   Empty directories,  however,  are  always  marked  asþtagged, regardless  of the  tag mask.   This can lead to someþconfusion as an empty directory can be marked as tagged when,þbecause it  is empty,  it has no files matching the tag mask.þIt is,  therefore, best to avoid wasting diskspace with emptyþdirectories unless you really need them.þþAs   mentioned    previously,   if    the   option   'Recurseþsubdirectories' is  ON,  all  sub-directories  will  also  beþtagged.þÿþþþüUntagþþThe untag operation performs the reverse of the tag function.þUnlike the  tag option,  the tag  mask is  not used  and  allþtagged files, regardless of the tag mask are set to clear.þÿþþþütaG maskþþThe tag  mask selects  which files  can be tagged.  There areþthree parts to the tag mask:þþThe file maskþ     þ     The file  mask is  a DOS format filename and can includeþ     wildcards.   Only file  names which  match the file maskþ     will be taggable.þ     þ     Examples:þ     þ          *.*       will allow all files to be taggedþ          þ          *.EXE     will allow all '.EXE' files to be       þ                    taggedþ          þ          TEST*.*   will allow all files starting with      þ                    'TEST' to be taggedþ          þ          ????D*.*  will allow all files with the fifth     þ                    letter 'D' to be tagged.þ          þBefore dateþ     þ     In many  circumstances, it  is desirable  to allow  onlyþ     files created  before a  given date  to be tagged.  If aþ     date is  placed in  this option,  only files  which  areþ     created on or before this date will be taggable.þ     þAfter dateþ     þ     Just as the before date allows only files created beforeþ     a date  to be  tagged, this  option  allows  only  filesþ     created after a given date to be tagged.þ     þDates are in the format DD/MM/YYYY.þþAll the  tag options  apply at the same time, if a file mask,þbefore date  and after  date are  all set,  only files  whichþmatch all three will be taggable.þþIf the ýshow MATCH/ALLý function  has been  activated, changingþthe  tag mask will also  effect which files are listed in the þwindow.þÿþþþüFindþþThe find  option searches  for  a  directory  or  a  file.  Aþspecific filename is expected and wild cards are not allowed.þOnce a  file or directory name hes been entered, the positionþcursor moves  to the top of the drive DiskTree and moves downþrapidly until  either the  object is  found or the end of theþdrive tree is reached.  If found, the position cursor will beþleft on the matching directory.  If not found, an message boxþappears saying so.þÿþþþüCopyþþThe copy  operation is used to copy all tagged directories onþthe currently logged drive.þþThe copy procedure is as follows:þþThe destination path is entered:þ     þ     An dialog box will appear prompting  for the destinationþ     path for  the directories  you wish to copy.  Only validþ     DOS format  paths can  be entered  and if  the path  youþ     supply is  not present,  it will  be created.   Pressingþ     ESCAPE will terminate the copy operation.þ     þ     If the destination you have entered is an existing FILE,þ     the copy operation will terminate.þ     þRetain original directory structure?þ     þ     DiskTree can  retain the original directory structure ifþ     so desired,  or all  the  directories  contents  can  beþ     copied  to  the  destination  path.    If  the  originalþ     structure is  to be  retained, all necessary directoriesþ     will be created for automatically.þ     þFiles are copiedþ     þ     The tagged  files will  then be  copied.   A dialog  boxþ     shows the  progress of  the operation  and ESCAPE can beþ     pressed to  terminate the  copy operation.  If a problemþ     occurs with the copy, such as the destination disk beingþ     full, write  protected or  otherwise, an  error  messageþ     will appear and the copy operation will terminate.þ     þResultsþ     þ     When finished  or  terminated,  a  message  will  appearþ     informing of  the result  of  the  copy  operation.  Theþ     message will  either be 'Tree(s) copied ok' indicating aþ     fully successful  operation or,  'Tree(s) only partiallyþ     copied' indicating that for reasons mentioned above, theþ     operation could not be fully completed.þÿþþþüDeleteþþThe  delete   operation  affects  all  tagged  files  on  theþcurrently logged drive.þþFor safety,  DiskTree will  ask you  if you  really  wish  toþcontinue with  the delete  operation.   If  answered  in  theþaffirmative, a  final check  will query  you again  before  aþdialog box  appears detailing  the  progress  of  the  deleteþoperation.   ESCAPE can  be  used  to  terminate  the  deleteþoperation.þþA directory  marked as  tagged will  NOT  be  deleted  if  itþcontains any files which either cannot be deleted or were notþtagged.   Thus, even  though the directory is tagged, it willþnot necessarily be deleted.þþNOTE:   DiskTree will  not automatically delete read-only andþhidden files  if the  'last chance'  options are  ON.  If theþlast-chance checks  are  on,  you  will  be  prompted  beforeþdeletion.þÿþþþüMoveþþThe move  option is a combination of copy and delete.  Taggedþfiles are  first copied  and if  the operation is successful,þthe tagged files are then deleted. þþNOTE: As the the files are first copied before being deleted,þit is  possible to  have two  copies of the file trees on theþdrive at the same time.  Since this will happen if source andþdestination drives  are the  same, make  sure that  you  haveþenough disk  space free  to hold  the files  during the  moveþprocess.þÿþþþüNew dirþþThis option  is used  to create  new directories.   An entireþpath can  be created with this option, not just an individualþdirectory.þþExample:þ     þ     Creating a new directory ofþ     þ          C:\TMP\MODULA2\BACKUPþ     þ     would create  all the  directories in  the path  ifþ     they did  not already  exist.   ie. 'TMP'  would beþ     created on  drive 'C',  'MOUDLA2' would 'be createdþ     within 'TMP'  and 'BACKUP'  would be created withinþ     'MODULA2'þþA newly  created path  does not  have to  be on the currentlyþlogged drive.þÿþþþüOptionsþþDiskTree has a number of configurable parameters which affectþits operation.  These options and parameters are split into aþnumber of catagories:þþ     ýChecks/flagsýþ     ýExternal linksýþ     ýSort criteriaýþ     ýVariable shortcutsýþ     ýKeep (save options)ýþ     ýRETURN & ESCAPEýþÿþþþüChecks/flagsþþFile deletion checkþ     þ     If this  option is  ON, a  check is carried out before aþ     file is deleted.  (Default ON).þ     þRecurse directory treesþ     þ     When ON,  the entire  tree will  be affected  by the tagþ     operation.   Otherwise only  individual directories  areþ     affected.  (Default ON).þ     þSystem/hidden last chance checkþ     þ     If a  file is  hidden or  system, a check is carried outþ     before the file is deleted.  (Default ON).þ     þRead only last chance checkþ     þ     As above except for read only files.þ     þTree deletion checkþ     þ     When this option is ON, two final checks are made beforeþ     a tree  delete operation is carried out. It is advisableþ     to leave this on at all times. (Default OFF).þ     þView files within directoryþ     þ     When this  option is  ON, a  list of the first few filesþ     within the current directory is displayed in a window toþ     the top right of the screen.  (Default ON).þ     þAuto view filesþ     þ     This option  is only  applicable to  the file functions.þ     When ON, the first few bytes of the current file will beþ     displayed in  a window  at the  bottom  of  the  screen.þ     (Default ON).þ     þUse inbuilt file viewerþ     þ     DiskTree has  a simple  file viewing facility built intoþ     it  but   should  another   file  viewing   program   beþ     preferable, this  option should  be set  to OFF.     Theþ     viewer path  should point  to the  viewer that  is to beþ     used instead.þ     þUntag drive after tree copyþ     þ     When  this  option  is  ON,  all  files/directories  areþ     untagged after  a tree  copy operation.   This minimisesþ     the risk of accidental file deletion.  (Default ON).þÿþþþüExternal linksþþ     The external  links options  provide links  to otherþ     applications that  you may  wish to  run from insideþ     DiskTree.þþ     There  are   basically  three   different  types  ofþ     information that  can be  entered  in  the  externalþ     links dialog.þþ     ýEditor and viewer pathýþ     ýZip commandýþ     ýLinks to external applicationsý     þ     þÿþüEditor and viewer pathþ     þ     If you wish to use a text editor or an external fileþ     viewer/browser you  must define  their locations  inþ     the appropriate text boxes.þ     þ     NOTE: If  you wish  to use  an external file viewer,þ     you  must set the ýChecks/flagsý 'Use internal viewer'þ     to OFF.þ     þÿþüZip commandþ     þ     This defines  the command  and parameters  that  theþ     PKZIP file  compression utility  uses to perform itsþ     file compression  operations.   By default,  the zipþ     command set  up within  DiskTree should work withoutþ     modification, but  should future  versions of  PKZIPþ     use different parameters, you can enter any requiredþ     parameters.þþÿþüLinks to external applicationsþþ     To define a link to an external application/program,þ     move the  cursors to  the appropriate extension textþ     box  line   and  enter   the  extension   that   theþ     application you wish to link uses.þþ     Example:þþ          DOC        { we are linking in Microsoft Word }þ     orþ          ZIP             { we are linking in PKZIP }þþ     Next, move  the  cursor  right  to  the  applicationþ     location  box   and  enter  the  full  path  of  theþ     application together with any parameters.þþ     Example:þþ          C:\WORD\WORD.EXE          {Word's pathname}þ     orþ          C:\DOS\PKZIP.EXE -V        {PKZIP's pathnameþ                                plus the VIEW parameter}þþ     Links are  executed on  the file functions screen byþ     moving the highlight cursor to the required file andþ     pressing RETURN/ENTER.  DiskTree will then check itsþ     link table  and if  a matching  extension is  found,þ     will attempt  to load  the required  application andþ     selected file.þþ     Using  the   above  examples,  DiskTree  would  loadþ     Microsoft Word  if a  filename  with  the  extensionþ     'DOC' was  selected.   If a  file with the extensionþ     'ZIP' were  selected, DiskTree would attempt to loadþ     PKZIP with the VIEW parameter, therefore listing theþ     contents of the ZIP file.þþ     NOTE: Bear  in mind  that DiskTree  will  remain  inþ     memory during  application execution and that memoryþ     will be  limited by  how much  DiskTree is taking toþ     hold its drive tree's.þÿþþþüSort criteriaþ     þFiles are displayed in the order dictated by this option.þ(Default Alphabetic).þ     þ*    NoSort -  Files  are  displayed  in  no  particularþ     order.þ          þ*    Extension -  Files are sorted by extension and thenþ     by the first part of the name if the extensions areþ     the same.þ          þ*    Alphabetic -  Files  are  sorted  by  the  completeþ     filename.þ          þ*    Newer -  Files are  sorted by the date stamp of theþ     file. Newer files are listed first.þ        þ*    Older - As above, but older files are listed first.þ          þ     The sort  criteria also  affect the  speed in  which theþ     drive details  are read  into memory;    NoSort  is  theþ     fastest  method,   Newer  or  Older  are  next  fastest,þ     Alphabetic is  next and  Extension is  the slowest.  Theþ     actual speed  depends  on  the  number  of  files  in  aþ     directory.   The less,  the faster.    In  general  use,þ     however, there is no great difference between any of theþ     options.þ     þ     If this option changes, the drive will not automaticallyþ     be re-read  with the  new sort  criteria,  but  all  newþ     operations  will  be  performed  according  to  the  newþ     values.   Use the  Log Options 'Re-log drive' to re-readþ     the drive details in the correct order.þþ     If the file sort criteria changes, you will be given theþ     option to re-read the currently selected drive  with theþ     new sort criteria.  It is wise to note that DiskTree canþ     take some time to read in large drives.þÿ     þþüVariable shortcutsþ     þ     Variables can reduce typing by being defined to holdþ     frequently used  text.   Commands, paths,  names etcþ     can be  defined and associated with a letter that isþ     used to substitute for the text in dos commands etc.þ     For DiskTree  to recognise  that a  letter has  beenþ     defined as  a variable you must indicate that it hasþ     by placing a '%' in front of the letter.þ     þ     In addition  to user defined variables, DiskTree hasþ     a couple of build in variables.  '%F' can be used asþ     a substitute for the currently selected filename andþ     '%D'  can   be  used   as  the   currently  selectedþ     directory.þ     þ     Example of variables in use:þ     þ     Suppose   that    you   are    in   the    directoryþ     'C:\DOS\BACKUP' and are in the file functions windowþ     and have highlighted the file 'COMMAND.COM'.þ     þ     By typing  '%D%F' you  save the  need to type in theþ     full path C:\DOS\BACKUP\COMMAND.COM.þ     þ     Suppose    that     you     have     a     directoryþ     'D:\BACKUP\DRIVEC\' that  you regularly  use to copyþ     files to.   Instead  of typing  it  every  time  youþ     needed to  use it, you could define it as, say, '%B'þ     so that  you can  just type '%B' instead of the fullþ     text.þÿ     þüKeep (save options)þ     þ     Use this  option to save DiskTree's current options,þ     links, variables  etc.. DiskTree  always  saves  itsþ     'configuration' file as DISKTREE.CFG.þ     þ     DiskTree will  automatically read  this file in uponþ     execution and set all the options accordingly.þ     þÿþþþüRETURN & ESCAPEþ     þ     Return to continue with new options, escape to exit,þ     ignoring changes.þÿþþþüStatþþThis option  returns the  disk statistics  of  the  currentlyþlogged drive.  Information is returned on:þþ     Bytes per  sector -  the number  of bytes  in each  diskþ     sector. Usually 512.þ     þ     Sectors per cluster - the number of sectors in each diskþ     cluster.  Usually 1,2 or 4.þ     þ     Free clusters  - the  number of  free  clusters  on  theþ     currently logged drive.þ     þ     Drive capacity  (clusters) -  the number  of clusters onþ     the currently logged drive.þ     þ     Drive capacity  (KBytes) - the size of the current driveþ     in KBytes (1024 bytes).þ     þ     KBytes used  (in files)  - the  number of bytes actuallyþ     contained  in   disk  files.     This   is  not  a  trueþ     representation of  the amount of bytes actually used butþ     the size  of the  data contained in disk files.  It doesþ     not include  the space used by directory information andþ     slack space in the unused part of a cluster.þ     þ     KBytes used  (real) -  the real  disk space  used.   Theþ     minimum file  size is  1 cluster  (normally 2048  bytes)þ     even if the file length is just 1 byte.  This means thatþ     disk space  is often  used up  at a quicker rate than isþ     obvious from  looking at  the actual  file length.   Theþ     difference between  this value  and the  kbytes used  inþ     files is called slack space.þ     þ     KBytes free - number of Kbytes free.þ     þ     Percentage free  - the  percentage of  the current driveþ     that free.þ     þÿþüZipþþThe Zip  function works  on tagged  files just as copy orþdelete does.   Simply  tag the  directories or  files youþwant to  zip up  and select this function.  There are twoþmodes op operation to the zip function:þþZip all tagged files on current drive.þþ     If you use this option, DiskTree will cause PKZIP toþ     create a  zip file  containing  FULL  paths  of  anyþ     zipped directories or files even if the tagged filesþ     are at the bottom of a directory tree.  What this inþ     fact means  is that you would only be able to reallyþ     use this  option for back-up purposes.  If you unzipþ     a zip file created in this way, the FULL path of theþ     files will be recreated.þ     þZip in the currently selected directory and below.þþ     Use this  option if  you want to create zip files ofþ     directories or  files without  storing the full pathþ     through to  the files.  DiskTree will cause PKZIP toþ     store only  the necessary  directory names  from theþ     current directory  downwards through the tree.  Thisþ     means that  you can unzip a file created in this wayþ     and get  an exact  copy of  the  original  directoryþ     structure with  out the  names  of  the  directoriesþ     above the start point in the tree.þ     þThis may  all sound a little complicated, so probably theþbest way  to really work out what the differences betweenþthese two modes of operation is to try them out.þþWhen unzipping  any zip files that have subdirectories inþthem, use  the PKUNZIP parameter '-D' to cause PKUNZIP toþcreate any required directories. For a fuller descriptionþof  how  the  PKUNZIP  &  PKZIP  work,  consult  relevantþdocumentation.þþNOTE:   Try to  avoid zipping  up too  many  incompletelyþtagged directories  as PKZIP  uses up  more memory  if itþcan't  just   uses  '*.*'  to  deal  with  a  directoriesþcontents.þÿþþþüLog driveþþLogging a  drive is  equivalent to  changing to  a new drive.þWhen the  log drive  option is  invoked, a  list of availableþdrives is  displayed together  with a  tick over drives whichþare actually  in memory.   Use the left and right cursor keysþto highlight the drive you wish to log.  If the new drive hasþnot been previously logged, it will be read in to memory.þþNOTE: Logging  a drive that is already in memory will not re-þread it.   If  this is required, use the log option 'Re Read'þdrive.þÿþþþü^Log optionsþþLog options contains functions to re-read a drive into memoryþand remove drives from memory.þþýClear driveýþýRe-read driveýþÿþþþüClear driveþ     þ     If you  wish to  free up  memory, or  have no need for aþ     particular drive  any  more,  you  can  remove  it  fromþ     memory.   However, at  least ONE drive must be in memoryþ     at any  time.   So  this  operation  will  fail  of  theþ     currently logged drive is the only one.  Use this optionþ     if you  have problems  with 'Cannot  run  program'  whenþ     attempting to run a program.þ     þ     If a  drive has  been successfully  removed from memory,þ     the new  logged drive  will the first one in the list ofþ     drives in memory.þÿþþþüRe-read driveþ     þ     This option  is useful, for example, when you have run aþ     program  from   the  file  functions  window  which  hasþ     effected the directory structure of the drive.  Also, ifþ     the file sort criteria have changed, you may wish to re-þ     read the drive with file listed in the correct order.þ     þ     If  you  are  using  DiskTree  with  a  removable  driveþ     (floppy, usually), a re-read operation must be performedþ     after each  disk change  to get  the new disks directoryþ     structure into memory.þÿþþþüRETURN for filesþþPressing RETURN opens up the file function window.þþSee ýFile functions overviewý.þÿþþþüQuit DiskTreeþþUse this option to quit from DiskTree.þÿþþþüFile functions overviewþþFile operations  are performed with file functions.  The fileþfunctions window appears over the directory functions screen.þ     þOperation  of  file  functions  is  very  much  the  same  asþdirectory ones.   The cursor keys or mouse move the highlightþup and  down the  screen, scrolling  the  list  of  files  ifþnecessary.  The scroll bar indicates position within the listþof files.   The scrollable part of the window lists the filesþwithin the  current  directory.    Each  directory  entry  isþdisplayed as:þþ    TAG    FILENAME  SIZE         DATE      TIME   ATTRIBSþþeg:  >>  CONFIG.SYS   258   02/03/1991  22:37:20þþThe TAG  is displayed  when  a  file  is  marked  as  tagged.þFILENAME is  obvious.   SIZE is the file size in bytes.  DATEþis  the  date-stamp  of  the  file  in  the  British  format,þDAY/MONTH/YEAR.   TIME is  the time-stamp  of the file in theþformat,   HOURS:MINS:SECONDS.   ATTRIBS the files attributes,þR for Read-Only, H for Hidden, S for System.þþDetails of  tagged files  are displayed  at the bottom of theþfile functions  window.   The first  two 'Tagged, KBytes' areþdetails of all tagged files on the current drive.  The secondþset are  for the  current directory.    The  main  differenceþbetween these values is that the first set apply to directoryþtree functions and the second apply to file functions only.þþThe number  of files  listed on  the screen is dependent uponþthe number  of lines  down the  screen and whether the optionþ'auto view files' is ON.þþNOTE:   If any  files are  tagged by  file  operations,  whenþcontrol is  returned back  to the  directory  functions,  theþdirectory itself  will also  be tagged.   Similarly, if thereþare no tagged files, the directory tag will be removed.þþSee ýFile function descriptionsýþÿþþþüFile function descriptionsþþFile functions  are invoked  in the  same  way  as  directoryþfunctions (See ýDirectory functionsý).þþAvailable file functions:þþ     ýtagý    þ     ý^tag allý     þ     ýuntagý     þ     ý^untag allý    þ     ýcopyý    þ     ýdeleteýþ     ýmoveý   þ     ýattribý       þ     ýinvertý    þ     ýviewý          þ     ýeditý    þ     ýexecýþ     ýrenameý þ     ýtaG maský     þ     ýshow MATCH/ALLýþ     ýdos cmdý   þ     ýdisplayý þ     ýESCAPEýþÿþþþütagþþThis operation  tags individual  files only.   Files are onlyþtagged (marked  with '>>')  if they match the tag mask. Afterþthe file  has been tagged (or not), the highlight moves on toþthe next file in the list.þþAs with  directory functions,  most file  functions  work  onþtagged files.   However,  eXec, Edit, Rename and View do not.þThese operations work on the currently highlighted file.þÿþþþü^tag allþþThe operation,  tag, mentioned  above tags  individual files.þThe tag  all operation  tags all  files matching the tag maskþwithin the current directory.þÿþþþüuntagþþUntag, unsurprising perhaps, untags the currently highlightedþfile.  Like tag, it moves down to the next file in the list.þÿþþþü^untag allþþDoes the exact opposite of ý^tag allý.þÿþþþücopyþþThe file  function  copy  is  different  from  the  directoryþfunction copy  in that  only  tagged  files  in  the  CURRENTþdirectory function  are affected.    Tagged  files  in  otherþdirectories are not included in the scope of the copy.  Apartþfrom this,  they are  identical.  See the directory  function þýCopyý for details of the procedure.þÿþþþüdeleteþþAs with  the copy  function, the file function delete affectsþonly tagged  files within  the current  directory.   The fileþfunction delete  does not  have the  safeguards on accidentalþuse as  the potential for damage is not so great.  Apart fromþthese differences, functionality is identical.  See directoryþfunctions ýDeleteý for details of the procedure.þÿþþümoveþþMove is  a combination  of copy  and delete.   The  files areþfirst copied,  and if  totally successful,  the originals areþdeleted.  Hence moved.  If during the copy stages, any errorsþoccur, the move operation will be terminated immediately.þÿþþþüattribþþUnder DOS,  each file  has a  set of  attributes - read-only,þhidden and  system.   Read-only files  cannot be  deleted andþhidden files  do not  show up  using normal DOS commands (Dirþetc..).   The system  attribute is  a  throw  back  from  theþoperating system  CPM, and  has the same effect as the hiddenþattribute.   Normally most  files will  not have any of theseþattributes set.   However,  in some  circumstances  (Networksþetc..) attributes  need to  be set  to protect  the files andþprevent such things as sharing violations.  Eg. On a Network,þexecutable files are normally set to Read Only.þþOn selecting  this option, a dialog box will appear detailingþthe available attributes.  By default, the attributes are setþto OFF, using the cursor keys (or mouse), you can set them toþON.  The attrib option only affects tagged files.þÿþþþüinvertþþThe invert  option inverts  the  tag  marks  in  the  currentþdirectory.   Tagged files  become untagged and untagged filesþbecome tagged.þþSee also ýFile / directory taggingý.þÿþþþüviewþþ(or press RETURN)þþThe view option is used to view the contents of the currentlyþhighlighted file.  If the option 'Use inbuilt file viewer' isþOFF, DiskTree will load the file viewer you have specified inþthe 'viewer path'.  Otherwise, DiskTree will use its built-inþfile viewing facility.þþThere are three modes to the file viewer:  ASCII mode  whereþNULLs and  carriage returns  are classed as line terminators,þand BINARY  mode where they are not.  Binary mode is intendedþfor binary  files such  as .COM's or .EXE's.  The file viewerþwill attempt to set the viewer mode according to how the dataþcontained in the file.  The third  mode is Hexadecimal  whereþthe file is viewed with  the  text to the  right hand side of þthe  screen and  the  hexadicimal  code  for  each  character þto the left of the screen.þþView in useþ     þ     The file viewer displays files in pages.  Use the 'U' orþ     'D' keys to page up and down  through the file or selectþ     the boxes  on the screen with the mouse cursor.  A countþ     of the  byte position  of  the  start  of  the  page  isþ     displayed at the bottom right of the view window.þ     þ     The viewing  mode can  be changed by pressing either 'A'þ     for asci  or 'B'  for binary.   Alternatively, the mouseþ     can be used.þ     þ     Hex mode is entered by pressing the 'H' key.þ          þ     When viewing binary / hex files, there are usually a lotþ     of non text characters which make reading text difficultþ     DiskTree can  strip  these  characters  and replace themþ     with dots  '.'.   The  strip  facility is toggled on andþ     off with the 'S' key.þ     þ     Pressing the ESCAPE key will exit the file viewer.þþLoading an  external viewer  is just  like running  any otherþprogram and  as such,  enough memory should be set aside.  IfþDiskTree cannot  load the  external viewer,  it will  use theþinbuilt one.þÿþþþüeditþþDiskTree  does   not  include   an  editor  as  part  of  itsþfacilities.   If you  need to use an editor, you must set theþoption 'editor  path' to  the location of the one you wish toþuse.þÿþþþüexecþþ(or press RETURN)þþDiskTree can  execute either  COM, EXE  or BAT  files.  Batchþ(.BAT) files  are  executed  by  invoking  the  command  lineþinterpreter  -   COMMAND.COM.     DiskTree  will   check  theþenvironment variable COMSPEC for the location of COMMAND.COM.þTherefore, your  systems AUTOEXEC.BAT file should contain theþfollowing line:þþ     SET COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM       (or other path)þþDiskTree allows  you to  set parameters  for the  program youþwish to run and these should be entered in the field providedþon the screen.þþBy default,  DiskTree will  move DOS's  'current dir'  to theþcurrent DiskTree  directory.  This will normally be desirableþas it  is likely  that the  program you are trying to executeþmay need  access  other  files  within  the  directory.  Thisþfacility may  be turned  OFF if  desired.   The option of re-þreading the  directory after  execution is  also provided andþshould be  left ON  so that  an up-to-date  directory list isþmaintained in memory.þþIf the  message 'Cannot  run program'  appears, it  is likelyþthat there is not enough memory to run the program.  Once theþprogram you  are executing  has finished,  control is  passedþback to DiskTree.þÿþþþürenameþþThe currently  highlighted file  can  be  renamed  with  thisþfunction.   The file  will be  renamed to  the  entered  nameþunless  the  entered  name  exists  or  the  drive  is  writeþprotected etc..þþIf the ýshow MATCH/ALLý function  has been  activated, changingþthe  tag mask will also  effect which files are listed in the þwindow.þÿþþþüshow MATCH/ALLþþIt is often desirable to list only files which actually matchþthe tag mask.  Usually, since the tag mask matches all files,þthis option  will have  no effect.  If, however, the tag maskþhas been  set to specific files, only those matching the maskþwill be listed in the files window.þþThe show  MATCH/ALL operation functions in a toggle fashion -þif show  MATCH is on, selecting it again will turn it off andþshow all files, regardless of whether they match the tag maskþor not.þþDiskTree will  automatically turn  this option  on if the tagþmask is  anything other than the default 'all files' on entryþto the file functions window.þÿþþþüdisplayþþUse this option to change from 3 column to single column modeþand vice versa.þÿþþþüdos cmdþþDos commands  such as 'dir' or other programs can be run withþthis option.   The  command or  program name  must be enteredþtogether with  parameters if required. The option of changingþto the  current directory  is available,  as is the option ofþre-reading the  directory after the command is completed.  Byþdefault, DiskTree will do both.þÿþþþüESCAPEþþUse this  option to return control back to the main directoryþtree functions.þÿþþþüDiskTree and NetworksþþDiskTree makes  no  distinction  between  local  and  networkþdrives and  will happily work on either.  It is wise, howeverþto note the following:þþDiskTree reads  in the  directory structure  in one chunk andþrepresents the  structure at  a point  in time.   With  otherþusers on the network, it is quite possible that files and theþdirectory structure  may have changed.  Therefore, it is bestþto ensure  that there  are as  few users  on  the  system  asþpossible.   Failing this,  re-reading the  drive is  the nextþbest solution but slower.þþNOTE:   These problems  will probably only become apparent ifþyou are  using a  system as  the network  manager (or someoneþwith sufficient  access).   i.e, you  are using  DiskTree  onþdrives containing  user areas.   If DiskTree is used on read-þonly drives  etc, changes  are only  likely  if  the  networkþmanager  has  modified  the  directory  structure  since  youþstarted DiskTree.þÿþþþüImproving system performanceþþNo one  could say  that DOS was particularly good as a modernþoperating system  (or even as an operating system at all) butþfor most  of us,  were stuck  with it.  There are, however, aþnumber of  things that  can be done to improve it or at leastþmake it faster.þþSee ýImproving disk performanceýþ    ýIncreasing memoryýþþþÿþþþüImproving disk performanceþþThere are  several things that effect  disk performance apart þfrom the drive controller and the drive itself.þ     þa) Buffersþ     þ     If you  look at  your CONFIG.SYS file, you will probablyþ     see something like:þ     þ          BUFFERS=20þ     þ     This line  tells  DOS  how  many  buffers  to  use  whenþ     accessing disk  drives.  A reasonable figure for generalþ     use is  20, any more and you'll waste memory (especiallyþ     with a disk cache in operation), any less an performanceþ     is likely to drop for some applications.þ     þb) Disk cachingþ     þ     Increasing DOS's  disk buffers  is one  solution, but  aþ     better one is disk caching.  A disk cache keeps the mostþ     recently used  parts of  your hard  disk in  memory  andþ     instead of  having to  read them disk which is slow, theþ     cache will  read from  memory.   A disk  cache is a moreþ     efficient solution  than that of a ram-disk in that mostþ     frequently accessed data will automatically be placed inþ     the cache for speedy access.þ     þ     There are  several caching  programs available,  but theþ     one most commonly used is SMARTDRV.SYSþ     þ     Smartdrive should  be included in the CONFIG.SYS of yourþ     system.þ     þ     Example:þ     þ          DEVICE=C:\SMARTDRV.SYS 1024þ     þ     This example  is for  a 386  equipped  machine,  with  aþ     megabyte or more of extended memory.þ     þ     If your  machine has  expanded memory,  '/A'  should  beþ     added on the end of the line:þ     þ          DEVICE=C:\SMARTDRV.SYS 1024 /Aþ     þ     Obviously, the size of the disk cache you set up will beþ     limited by how much memory your machine has and how muchþ     you need  to leave  free for  other applications.    Forþ     useful purposes,  256 kbytes  of disk  cache  should  beþ     considered a  minimum and  there is no real advantage inþ     having much more than 1 megabyte.þþÿþþþüIncreasing memoryþþ     The biggest  single problem  in MS-DOS  machines is  theþ     dreaded 640K limit.  All DOS (not Windows3) applicationsþ     have to  squeeze  into  this  space  together  with  theþ     operating system,  and any  other resident applications.þ     MS-DOS replacements  such as  DR DOS  5.0  can  increaseþ     available space  by moving  portions  of  the  operatingþ     system and  TSR's into  memory above  the 640K  barrier.þ     Expanded memory  managers  such  as  QEMM.SYS  (the  386þ     version) can  also do  this.  However, 640K is still theþ     limit, even if your machine has 16 megabytes or memory!.þ     An example  of this  is the  machine used for DiskTree'sþ     development.   The machine in question is a 25 MHZ 80386þ     machine with  4  megabytes  of  memory,  most  of  whichþ     remains unused under DOS.þ     þ     If the  lack of  memory becomes  a real  difficulty, tryþ     removing some  of the  .SYS files  you may  have in  youþ     CONFIG.SYS.   Also check  that no  TSR programs (such asþ     SideKick) are  listed in the AUTOEXEC.BAT of you machineþ     if you  do not  really need  them.   A word  of caution,þ     however, be  careful what  .SYS files  you  remove  fromþ     CONFIG.SYS as  some of  them may  be required  for otherþ     applications.þ     þ     Although the 640K limit is a real problem, it is not oneþ     that  the  average  DiskTree  user  will  find  a  greatþ     handicap unless  DiskTree is being used on machines withþ     very full hard disks or on big networks.þþþÿþþþüRegistrationþþDiskTree represents  many, many hours of hard work.  If you'dþlike to use DiskTree  for more than a  trial period, you MUSTþregister your copy.þþThe registration price is:  œ29 + œ2 P&P + VATþþDiskTree is available from:þþ    PRECISION SOFTWARE APPLICATIONSþ    TARNWOODþ    10 HIGH STREETþ    TADLOWþ    Nr ROYSTONþ    HERTS.þ    SG8 OESþþ    Telephone: 0767 23302   Fax: 0767 23622þþPSA are the sole distributers of DiskTree in Europe.þ                    þSee file ORDER.FRM for further details.þþÿþ