Introduction -- Protein -- Essential Fatty Acids -- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -- Vitamin B12 -- Vitamin D -- Calcium -- Iodine -- Infants -- Vegan Storecupboard
Nutritional guidelines for vegans are essentially similar to those for
vegetarians. However, vegetarians gain certain nutrients from dairy products
and eggs. Vegans need to ensure their diets contain plant food sources of
these nutrients, the main ones of which are discussed below.
Protein
Obtaining adequate protein on a vegan diet is not
a problem. Nuts & seeds,
pulses, wholegrain and grain products and soya products all supply protein. Previously, it has
been thought that plant proteins are of a lower quality than animal proteins
in terms of their essential amino acid content. However, this is no longer
regarded as a problem and eating a balanced diet of plant foods will provide
all the essential amino acids in adequate amounts.
Essential Fatty Acids
There are two essential fatty acids which must be supplied by the diet.
These are linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid. Essential fatty acids are
important for cell membrane function, cholesterol metabolism and the
synthesis of various metabolites. Good sources of essential fatty acids are
vegetable oils. It is important to have the correct balance between linoleic
acid and a-linolenic acid. It has been suggested that vegans should use
soyabean or rapeseed oils rather than sunflower or corn oils as these help
give a better dietary balance.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Certain studies have found vegans to have a low intake of the vitamin,
riboflavin. Riboflavin is important in converting protein, fats and
carbohydrates into energy, and the synthesis and repair of body tissues.
Good sources of riboflavin include whole grains, mushrooms, almonds,
leafy green vegetables and yeast extracts.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is found primarily in meat, dairy
products and eggs and is absent from plant foods. Considerable research has
been carried out into possible plant sources of B12. Fermented soya
products, seaweeds and algae such as spirulina have all been proposed as
containing significant amounts of B12. However, the present consensus is
that any B12 present in plant foods is likely to be in a form unavailable to
humans and so these foods should not be relied upon as safe sources.
Vitamin B12 is important in the formation of red blood cells and the maintenence of a healthy nervous system. When deficiency does occur it is more likely to be due to a failure to absorb B12 from the intestine than a dietary deficiency.
Vegans can obtain B12 from a wide range of foods which have been fortified
with the vitamin. These include certain yeast extracts, veggieburger mixes,
breakfast cereals, vegetable margarines and soya milks. You should check the
packaging to see which individual products are fortified with B12.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is present in oily fish, eggs and dairy products in variable
amounts. It is not found in plant foods. However, vegans can obtain vitamin
D from vegetable margarines, some soya milks and certain other foods which
are fortified with the vitamin.
Vitamin D is also synthesised by the skin when exposed to sunlight. Synthesis of vitamin D in this way is usually adequate to supply all the body's requirements. Most vegans will obtain sufficient vitamin D providing they spend time outdoors on bright days. Fortified foods further ensure adequate amounts.
Vegans who may be confined indoors may be recommended a vitamin D
supplement. Also, infants who are seldom oudoors or who are dark-skinned may
require supplements. Asian vegans may also be at risk of deficiency,
particularly Asian women who may be required to keep their skin covered for
cultural reasons.
Calcium
The major source of calcium in British diets is
generally milk and dairy products. Vegans can
obtain adequate calcium from plant foods. Good sources include tofu, leafy green vegetables, watercress, dried fruit,
seeds and nuts. Also, white bread is fortified
with calcium, as are some soya milks. Hard water can also provide
significant amounts of calcium.
Iodine
Milk is the primary source of iodine in the
British diet and studies have indicated some vegans may have a low iodine
intake. Seaweeds are a good source of iodine, and vegetables and grains can
contain iodine depending on the amounts in the soil.
Infants
It is perfectly possible to bring up a child on
a vegan diet. Vegan children should be given plenty of nutrient rich foods
and need good sources of protein, calcium, vitamin B12 and
vitamin D. High fibre foods can fill up a child without filling their
nutritional needs as well as interfering with mineral absorption from the
intestine. For these reasons, foods high in fibre shouldn't be overused.
Vegan Storecupboard
Dairy products can largely be replaced with
various soya products. There are several brands of
soya milk. It can be purchased either sweetened or unsweetened, plain or
flavoured. Different brands may be fortified with vitamin
B12, vitamin D and calcium.
Soya cheeses, yoghurts and cream are all available from health food stores. Eggs can be replaced in recipes by commercial egg replacer products, also available from health food stores.
The Vegan Society's Animal-Free Shopper is a useful guide for vegan shoppers and includes suitable cosmetics, supplements, clothing and various household goods as well as food products. Animal-Free Shopper is in the Reference Books section of The Vegetarian Society's book catalogue. There is also a range of Vegan Cookbooks.
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