• Loops: these are structures which will repeat a section of code a finite or infinite number of times; the code enclosed within the structure will be executed until a condition is met which causes the loop to terminate.
  • Subroutines: these are sections of code which will be called from another part of the program; often called more than once in a program, they can add structure and readability to the code. When the subroutine has finished executing, the program will return to the opint from which the subroutine was called.
  • Conditionals: these are sections of code which will only be executed if a particular condition is met; if the condition is not met, then the conditional code will be skipped entirely.