Day 034 - 11 Oct 94 - Page 08


     
     1        problem, because three studies looked at animal fat, four
     2        studies looked at meat, one looked at eggs and two looked
     3        at vegetable fats.
     4
     5        Of the three that looked at animal fats, two found a
     6        direct correlation, one found an inverse correlation.
     7        With meats, of the four studies that looked specifically
     8        at meat, three found a direct correlation; one did not
     9        find an association.
    10
    11        Of the one study that looked at eggs an inverse
    12        association was found, and in two studies that looked at
    13        vegetable fat (and there were only two that looked at
    14        vegetable fat) both of them found a positive association.
    15        So, overall, there is again a direct association between
    16        fat simply as total fat and breast cancer consistent with
    17        what we found in international correlations.
    18
    19        However, with specific types of fat, although the
    20        preponderance of evidence does show a link with animal fat
    21        and meat, it is not worthy that one found an inverse
    22        association with animal fat and one found an inverse
    23        association with eggs.  Vegetables fats were indicted here
    24        as well on two studies.
    25
    26   MR. JUSTICE BELL:  The one who found an inverse relationship
    27        with animal fat found a positive relationship with
    28        vegetable fat?
    29        A.  Yes, that is correct.
    30
    31   MR. MORRIS:  So, in fact, all of those studies except for
    32        Kinlen (1982) found a positive association with one of the
    33        fats?
    34        A.  Yes, that is correct.
    35
    36   Q.   Every single one of those studies?
    37        A.  That is correct.
    38
    39   Q.   Except for Kinlen (1982)?
    40        A.  If memory serves, Kinlen's study had an association
    41        that was positive but did not reach statistical
    42        significance.  So it is reported here as no association.
    43        Then going down to the next category -----
    44
    45   Q.   Can I just ask, before we move from that, are migration
    46        studies looked at at all in this chart or is that a
    47        separate category of epidemiological studies?
    48        A.  That would be considered a subcategory of the within
    49        country correlations.  For example, where you look at
    50        Hawaii you are looking within that area and one looks at 
    51        migrants who have come in from other countries.  So, that 
    52        would probably be a subcategory of this. 
    53
    54   Q.   Do you want to move on?
    55        A.  Certainly.  The case-control studies are those studies
    56        in which cancer patients who are identified and whose
    57        diets are characterised are then compared to other
    58        individuals who are like them in as many relevant ways as
    59        possible, age, medical history, aside from the fact that
    60        the controls do not have cancer, their diets are assessed

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